📚 Year 7 WJEC Politics: Glossary Quick Memorization Guide | WJEC 七年级政治：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your Year 7 WJEC Politics glossary guide. Understanding the language of politics is the first step to thinking like a political scientist. This article introduces, defines, and provides memory shortcuts for essential terms you will encounter in your course. Read each English explanation followed by its Chinese counterpart, and use the tables and tips to lock the vocabulary into your memory.
欢迎阅读七年级 WJEC 政治词汇指南。理解政治语言是像政治学家一样思考的第一步。本文介绍、定义并为你课程中会遇到的必备术语提供记忆捷径。请阅读每条英文解释及其后的中文配对，并利用表格和技巧将这些词汇牢牢记入脑海。
1. Democracy and Government | 民主与政府
A democracy is a political system in which the people hold the power, either directly or through elected representatives. In the United Kingdom, we live in a representative democracy, meaning citizens vote for Members of Parliament (MPs) to make decisions on their behalf.
民主是一种人民直接或通过选举代表掌握权力的政治制度。在英国，我们生活在代议制民主中，这意味着公民投票选举国会议员（MP），由他们代为决策。
The government is the group of people who run the country. It is formed by the political party that wins the most seats in a general election. The head of the government is the Prime Minister, who leads the Cabinet – the team of senior ministers responsible for key areas like education, health, and defence.
政府是管理国家的一群人。它由在大选中赢得最多席位的政党组成。政府首脑是首相，首相领导内阁——由负责教育、卫生和国防等关键领域的高级大臣组成的团队。
A key principle of UK democracy is the rule of law. This means everyone, including the government itself, must follow the law. No one is above the law. The opposite of a democracy is a dictatorship, where one person or a small group holds all the power without free elections.
英国民主的一个关键原则是法治。这意味着每个人，包括政府本身，都必须遵守法律。没有人可以凌驾于法律之上。民主的对立面是独裁，即一个人或一个小团体在无自由选举的情况下拥有全部权力。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Memory Trick |
|---|---|---|
| Democracy | 民主 | Demos = people; cracy = rule → rule by the people |
| Government | 政府 | Think “govern” – to steer the ship of state |
| Rule of Law | 法治 | Law rules all – even the rulers |
2. Parliament and Law-Making | 议会与立法
Parliament is the UK’s supreme law-making body. It consists of three parts: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch. The House of Commons is the elected chamber, made up of 650 MPs who each represent a geographical area called a constituency.
议会是英国的最高立法机构。它由三部分组成：下议院、上议院和君主。下议院是选举产生的议院，由650名议员组成，每位议员代表一个称为选区的地理区域。
The House of Lords is the unelected chamber, comprising life peers, bishops, and hereditary peers. It revises and suggests amendments to bills but cannot permanently block a law passed by the Commons. A bill is a proposal for a new law. Once a bill is passed by both houses and given royal assent by the Monarch, it becomes an Act of Parliament.
上议院是非选举产生的议院，由终身贵族、主教和世袭贵族组成。它负责审查法案并提出修正建议，但不能永久阻止下议院通过的法律。法案是制定一项新法律的提案。一旦法案经两院通过并获得君主的御准，即成为议会法令。
A useful acronym for remembering the journey of a bill is ‘CRAB’: Commons, Revision in Lords, Amendments considered, Bill becomes an Act. Remember, the House of Commons is often called the ‘green chamber’ because of the green benches, while the Lords uses red.
一个用于记住法案旅程的有用缩写是 ‘CRAB’：下议院（Commons）、上议院修订（Revision）、修正审议（Amendments）、法案成为法令（Bill becomes Act）。请记住，下议院因绿色长椅常被称为“绿厅”，而上议院使用红色。
- Constituency: The local area an MP represents.
- 选区：议员所代表的当地区域。
- Green Paper: A discussion document before a policy is decided.
- 绿皮书：政策决定前的讨论文件。
- White Paper: A firm proposal for a new law.
- 白皮书：一项新法律的正式提案。
3. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
General elections are held to choose MPs, usually every five years. The voting system used for UK general elections is called First Past the Post (FPTP). In each constituency, the candidate with the most votes wins, even if they do not get more than half of all votes cast.
大选通常每五年举行一次，以选出议员。英国大选使用的投票制度称为简单多数制（FPTP）。在每个选区，得票最多的候选人获胜，即使其得票未超过总票数的一半。
A ballot paper is the form on which voters mark their choice in secret. The total number of votes cast is called the turnout. A candidate often campaigns by sharing their party’s manifesto – a document listing the policies they promise to deliver if they form a government. A by-election occurs when a single seat becomes vacant between general elections.
选票是选民在秘密状态下标记其选择的表格。所投总票数称为投票率。候选人通常通过分享其政党的宣言来竞选——宣言是列明他们若组建政府所承诺施行的政策的文件。补缺选举是在两次大选之间出现个别议席空缺时举行的选举。
Make a mental link: ‘Manifesto’ and ‘menu’ – both offer a list of what you will get. ‘Ballot’ sounds like ‘balance’, reminding you of the fairness of secret voting.
建立心理联想：“宣言”（Manifesto）与“菜单”（menu）——两者都提供你将得到什么的清单。“选票”（Ballot）听起来像“平衡”（balance），提醒你秘密投票的公平性。
| Term | 中文 | Quick Definition |
|---|---|---|
| General Election | 大选 | Election of all MPs across the country |
| By-election | 补缺选举 | Election in one constituency to fill a vacant seat |
| Referendum | 全民公投 | A direct vote by people on a single issue |
4. Rights and Responsibilities | 权利与责任
A right is a moral or legal entitlement to have or do something. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 protects fundamental rights such as the right to life, freedom of thought, and the right to a fair trial. However, rights come with responsibilities, like respecting others’ rights and obeying the law.
权利是一种拥有或做某事的道德或法律上的资格。在英国，1998年《人权法案》保护生命权、思想自由权和获得公正审判的权利等基本权利。然而，权利伴随着责任，如尊重他人权利和遵守法律。
Freedom of speech is the right to express your opinions, but it is not absolute – it can be limited by laws against hate speech. Equality means everyone should be treated fairly regardless of identity or background. The right to vote is both a right and a civic responsibility.
言论自由是表达自己观点的权利，但它不是绝对的——反仇恨言论的法律可加以限制。平等意味着无论身份或背景，每个人都应得到公平对待。投票权既是一种权利，也是一项公民责任。
Link ‘responsibility’ to ‘response’ – you must respond to your duties. Think of the scales of justice: rights on one pan, responsibilities on the other to keep balance.
将“责任”（responsibility）与“回应”（response）联系起来——你必须回应你的职责。想象正义的天平：一边托盘放权利，另一边放责任以保持平衡。
5. The Monarchy | 君主制
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. This means the Monarch (King or Queen) is the head of state, but their powers are limited by law and Parliament. The Monarch reigns but does not govern. They perform ceremonial duties, such as the State Opening of Parliament and giving royal assent to bills.
联合王国是君主立宪制国家。这意味着君主（国王或女王）是国家元首，但其权力受法律和议会限制。君主统而不治。他们履行礼仪性职责，如主持议会开幕大典和御准法案。
The current UK monarch is King Charles III. The phrase ‘Crown’ is often used to refer to the state or the legal powers of the government, not just the literal headwear. For Year 7, remember: the Monarch stays politically neutral and must not vote or stand for election.
英国现任君主是查尔斯三世国王。“王权”一词常用于指代国家或政府的法律权力，而不仅仅是字面意义上的头饰。对七年级学生，请记住：君主保持政治中立，不得投票或参选。
A simple chant: ‘Monarch waves, PM rules’ helps fix the difference between head of state and head of government.
一句简单口诀：“君主挥手，首相执政”有助于区分国家元首与政府首脑的差异。
6. Political Parties | 政党
A political party is a group of people with similar ideas about how the country should be run. In the UK, the two largest parties are the Conservative Party (often called the Tories) and the Labour Party. Other parties include the Liberal Democrats, the Green Party, and regional parties like the Scottish National Party (SNP).
政党是一群对国家如何治理持有相似理念的人。在英国，两大政党是保守党（常被称为托利党）和工党。其他政党包括自由民主党、绿党以及苏格兰民族党（SNP）等地区性政党。
The party with the most seats usually forms the government, while the second-largest party becomes the official opposition. The opposition’s job is to scrutinise the government and challenge its policies. Parties publish a manifesto before a general election, which helps voters decide.
拥有最多席位的政党通常组建政府，第二大党则成为官方反对党。反对党的职责是审查政府并挑战其政策。政党在大选前发布宣言，帮助选民做决定。
Think of parties as teams with different playbooks (manifestos) competing to be chosen by the crowd (voters). The term ‘whip’ refers to a party official ensuring members attend and vote as the party wishes.
把政党想象成拥有不同战术手册（宣言）的团队，竞相争取观众（选民）的选择。术语“党鞭”指确保成员出席并按政党意愿投票的党内官员。
7. The Justice System | 司法体系
The justice system upholds the law and ensures disputes are resolved fairly. Courts exist at different levels: magistrates’ courts deal with minor offences, while the Crown Court handles serious crimes. The highest court in the UK is the Supreme Court, which interprets the law and checks the power of government.
司法体系维护法律并确保纠纷得到公平解决。法院分为不同级别：治安法院处理轻微犯罪，而皇家法院处理严重犯罪。英国最高法院是最高司法机关，负责解释法律并制约政府权力。
A defendant is a person accused of a crime. A jury is a group of ordinary citizens who listen to evidence in a trial and decide whether the defendant is guilty or not guilty. The judge ensures the trial is fair and, if the defendant is found guilty, decides the sentence.
被告是被指控犯罪的人。陪审团是一群普通公民，他们在审判中听证并裁定被告是否有罪。法官确保审判公正，如果被告被判有罪，则决定刑罚。
Key terms connection: ‘Judge’ and ‘jury’ both start with ‘ju’, like ‘justice’. A magistrate is a trained volunteer who deals with minor cases; think ‘mini-court’ for memory.
关键术语联系：“法官”（Judge）和“陪审团”（jury）都以“ju”开头，如“正义”（justice）。治安法官是处理轻微案件的受过培训的志愿人员；记忆时可想成“迷你法庭”。
8. Citizenship and Identity | 公民身份与认同
Citizenship is the legal status of being a member of a country, with rights such as holding a passport and voting. In a diverse society like the UK, multiple identities co-exist. A person might identify as British, Welsh, Scottish, or as a member of a local community, while also belonging to a global culture.
公民身份是作为一国成员的法律地位，拥有持有护照和投票等权利。在像英国这样的多元社会中，多重身份并存。一个人可能认同为英国人、威尔士人、苏格兰人或本地社区成员，同时也属于全球文化。
Multiculturalism means many different cultures living together with mutual respect. The UK Parliament includes MPs from various ethnic and social backgrounds, reflecting this diversity. Understanding identity helps us appreciate both our shared values and our differences.
多元文化主义意味着许多不同文化相互尊重地共同生活。英国议会包含来自不同族裔和社会背景的议员，反映了这种多样性。理解身份有助于我们既珍视共同价值观，也欣赏彼此的差异。
9. Key Political Concepts | 关键政治概念
Power is the ability to influence or control others. In politics, power is often divided: the concept of separation of powers splits authority among the legislature (Parliament), the executive (Government), and the judiciary (Courts). This prevents any one branch from becoming too dominant.
权力是影响或控制他人的能力。在政治中，权力常被划分：分权概念将权力分散至立法机关（议会）、行政机关（政府）和司法机关（法院）。这防止任何一方过度独大。
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from the UK Parliament to regional bodies such as the Scottish Parliament and the Welsh Senedd. This means some decisions about education, health, and transport are made locally. The UK is a union, but it has layers of governance.
权力下放是指将英国议会的某些权力移交给苏格兰议会和威尔士议会等地区机构。这意味着教育和交通等领域的一些决策在地方层面作出。英国是联合王国，但有多层治理。
Accountability is the obligation of those in power to explain their actions and be held responsible. Free press and regular elections are tools of accountability. The phrase ‘checks and balances’ describes how each branch of government keeps the others in line.
问责是在位者有义务解释其行为并承担责任。新闻自由和定期选举是问责的工具。“制衡”一词描述了政府各部门如何相互制约。
10. Quick Acronyms and Memory Hacks | 速记缩略语与记忆技巧
Use the acronym ‘MP = My Palace’ to remember that the Palace of Westminster is the home of MPs. For Parliament’s three parts, think ‘Crown, Commons, Lords – CCL’ like the chemical symbol. To recall the steps of a bill, chant ‘Green Paper, White Paper, Bill, Act – GWBA’.
用缩写“MP = 我的宫殿”来记住威斯敏斯特宫是议员们的工作场所。对于议会的三个组成部分，想想“王权、下院、上院——CCL”就像化学符号。为回忆法案的步骤，念诵“绿皮书、白皮书、法案、法令——GWBA”。
Absorb these definitions by creating flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese explanation on the other. Draw a simple diagram: a crown for monarchy, a ballot box for democracy, and scales for justice. Visual associations make recall faster in exams.
通过制作一面写英文术语、另一面写中文解释的抽认卡来吸收这些定义。画一幅简图：王冠代表君主制，票箱代表民主，天平代表正义。视觉联想可加快考试中的记忆速度。
Finally, the ‘3 R’s’ of citizenship: Rights, Responsibilities, and Respect. Whenever you encounter a new political word, try to frame it in those three categories. This glossary is your launchpad – keep building your political vocabulary step by step.
最后，公民的“3R”：权利（Rights）、责任（Responsibilities）和尊重（Respect）。每当你遇到新的政治词汇，试着将其归入这三个类别。这份词汇表是你起飞的平台——一步步持续构建你的政治词汇量。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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