📚 Year 7 WJEC Psychology: Core Knowledge Review | 七年级 WJEC 心理学：核心知识点梳理
Psychology is the scientific study of mind and behaviour, and in Year 7 we begin to explore what makes people think, feel and act the way they do. This article brings together the core knowledge every WJEC student needs, covering key topics from basic research methods to social influence and memory.
心理学是对心理和行为的科学研究，七年级时我们开始探索是什么让人们思考、感受和行动。本文汇集了每位 WJEC 学生需要掌握的核心知识点，涵盖了从基本研究方法到社会影响与记忆的关键主题。
1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？
Psychology comes from the Greek words ‘psyche’ (mind or soul) and ‘logos’ (study). It is about understanding how the brain works, how we develop, and how we interact with others. Psychologists use scientific methods to test their ideas rather than simply guessing.
心理学源自希腊语“psyche”（心灵或灵魂）和“logos”（学问）。它关乎理解大脑如何运作、我们如何发展以及如何与他人互动。心理学家使用科学方法来检验他们的想法，而不是凭空猜测。
In Year 7, we distinguish between everyday ‘common sense’ psychology and evidence-based psychology. While we all have opinions about why people behave in certain ways, psychology relies on data gathered through observation, experiments and questionnaires.
在七年级，我们要区分日常的“常识”心理学和基于证据的心理学。虽然人们对人的行为都有自己的看法，但心理学依赖通过观察、实验和问卷收集到的数据。
2. The Scientific Approach in Psychology | 心理学的科学方法
Psychologists follow a research process that begins with a question, moves to a hypothesis, and then tests that hypothesis through carefully designed studies. A hypothesis is a clear, testable prediction, such as ‘Students who get more sleep will score higher on a memory test’.
心理学家遵循的研究过程从提出问题开始，接着形成假设，然后通过精心设计的研究来检验该假设。假设是一个清晰、可检验的预测，例如“睡眠时间更长的学生在记忆测试中得分更高”。
We collect two types of data: quantitative data (numerical, e.g. test scores) and qualitative data (descriptive, e.g. interview answers). Understanding the difference helps us evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of different research methods like experiments, observations and surveys.
我们收集两类数据：定量数据（数字型，如测试分数）和定性数据（描述型，如访谈回答）。理解两者的区别有助于我们评估实验、观察和调查等不同研究方法的优缺点。
Hypothesis → Method → Results → Conclusion
假设 → 方法 → 结果 → 结论
3. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation is the process by which our sense organs (eyes, ears, skin, nose, tongue) receive information from the environment. Perception is how our brain organises and makes sense of that information. They are linked but different: you can sense something without fully perceiving it.
感觉是我们的感觉器官（眼、耳、皮肤、鼻、舌）从环境中接收信息的过程。知觉是我们的大脑组织并理解这些信息的方式。两者有所联系但又不同：你可以感觉到某物却没有完全知觉到它。
The five main senses are vision, hearing, touch, taste and smell. In Year 7, we also explore how we can be fooled by visual illusions, such as the Müller-Lyer illusion, which shows that perception is not always an exact copy of reality. Context and past experience shape what we ‘see’.
五种主要感觉是视觉、听觉、触觉、味觉和嗅觉。在七年级我们还会探究视错觉如何欺骗我们，例如缪勒-莱尔错觉，它表明知觉并非总是现实的精确复制。背景和过往经验塑造了我们“看到”的东西。
4. Memory: Encoding, Storage and Retrieval | 记忆：编码、储存与提取
Memory is often described as having three stages: encoding (taking information in), storage (holding it over time) and retrieval (accessing it when needed). If any of these stages fails, we may forget.
记忆通常被描述为三个阶段：编码（摄入信息）、储存（随时间推移保持信息）和提取（需要时获取信息）。如果其中任何一个阶段失败，我们就可能遗忘。
Psychologists distinguish between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM). STM holds about seven items for around 18-30 seconds unless we rehearse the information. LTM has a vast capacity and stores information for a much longer duration. Techniques like chunking and elaborative rehearsal can improve recall.
心理学家区分了短时记忆（STM）和长时记忆（LTM）。短时记忆可容纳约7个项目，持续约18-30秒，除非我们进行复述。长时记忆容量巨大，储存信息的时间长得多。组块化和精细复述等技巧可以改善回忆。
| Feature 特征 | STM 短时记忆 | LTM 长时记忆 |
|---|---|---|
| Capacity 容量 | 7±2 items | Unlimited 无限 |
| Duration 持续时间 | 18-30 seconds | Potentially a lifetime 可能终生 |
| Encoding 编码 | Mainly acoustic 主要为听觉 | Mainly semantic 主要为语义 |
5. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件反射与操作性条件反射
Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour as a result of experience. Two fundamental types are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.
学习指的是由于经验而导致的行为相对持久的变化。两种基本类型是经典条件反射和操作性条件反射。
In classical conditioning, Ivan Pavlov showed that dogs could learn to associate a neutral stimulus (a bell) with food, eventually salivating to the bell alone. The unconditioned stimulus (food) naturally causes an unconditioned response (salivation). After pairing, the bell becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response.
在经典条件反射中，伊万·巴甫洛夫证明狗可以学会将中性刺激（铃声）与食物联系起来，最终仅听到铃声就会分泌唾液。无条件刺激（食物）天然引发无条件反应（唾液分泌）。配对后，铃声成为条件刺激，引发条件反应。
Operant conditioning, studied by B.F. Skinner, is learning through consequences. Positive reinforcement (adding a reward) and negative reinforcement (removing something unpleasant) increase the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated. Punishment decreases the likelihood.
B.F.斯金纳研究的操作性条件反射是通过后果进行学习。正强化（增加奖励）和负强化（移除不愉快的事物）会增加行为被重复的可能性。惩罚则降低这种可能性。
6. Developmental Psychology: Early Attachment | 发展心理学：早期依恋
Developmental psychology looks at how people grow and change across the lifespan. In Year 7, we focus on early attachment: the emotional bond that forms between an infant and their primary caregiver.
发展心理学研究人们在一生中如何成长和变化。在七年级，我们关注早期依恋：婴儿与其主要照看者之间形成的情感纽带。
John Bowlby proposed that attachment is an evolutionary behaviour that keeps infants safe. Mary Ainsworth used the ‘Strange Situation’ experiment to identify secure, insecure-avoidant and insecure-resistant attachment styles. A secure attachment is generally linked to healthier emotional and social development later in childhood.
约翰·鲍尔比提出依恋是一种使婴儿保持安全的进化行为。玛丽·安斯沃斯通过“陌生情境”实验识别出安全型、不安全回避型和不安全抵抗型依恋风格。安全型依恋通常与日后更健康的情感和社会发展相关联。
7. Social Influence: Conformity and Obedience | 社会影响：从众与服从
Social influence refers to the ways that other people affect our behaviour, thoughts and feelings. Two key concepts are conformity (going along with a group) and obedience (following orders from an authority figure).
社会影响是指他人影响我们行为、思维和情感的方式。两个关键概念是从众（随大流）和服从（遵从权威人物的命令）。
Solomon Asch’s line-length experiments demonstrated that people often conform to a group’s wrong answer even when the correct answer is obvious. Stanley Milgram’s shock experiments revealed that ordinary people are capable of harming others when ordered by an authority figure. These studies help us understand peer pressure and the power of the situation.
所罗门·阿希的线条长度实验表明，即使正确答案显而易见，人们也常常会顺从群体的错误答案。斯坦利·米尔格拉姆的电击实验揭示了普通人在权威人物命令下可能伤害他人。这些研究帮助我们理解同伴压力和情境的力量。
8. Mental Health: Understanding Emotions and Wellbeing | 心理健康：理解情绪与福祉
Psychology is not only about studying problems; it also helps us understand wellbeing. In Year 7, we learn that mental health exists on a continuum and that everyone experiences ups and downs. Key terms include stress, anxiety, resilience and self-esteem.
心理学不仅研究问题，也帮助我们理解福祉。在七年级，我们学到心理健康是一个连续体，每个人都会经历起起伏伏。关键术语包括压力、焦虑、心理韧性和自尊。
Healthy strategies to manage stress include talking to someone you trust, physical activity, mindfulness and relaxation exercises. The biopsychosocial model reminds us that our mental health is influenced by biological factors (e.g. brain chemistry), psychological factors (e.g. thinking patterns) and social factors (e.g. friendships).
管理压力的健康策略包括与你信任的人交谈、进行身体活动、正念和放松练习。生物-心理-社会模型提醒我们，心理健康受生物因素（如脑化学）、心理因素（如思维模式）和社会因素（如友谊）的影响。
9. The Brain and Nervous System Basics | 大脑与神经系统基础
The brain is the control centre of the body and is part of the central nervous system along with the spinal cord. Neurons are specialised cells that carry messages around the body through electrical and chemical signals.
大脑是身体的控制中心，与脊髓一起构成中枢神经系统。神经元是特化细胞，通过电信号和化学信号在全身传递信息。
We learn that different areas of the brain are linked to different functions: the frontal lobe is involved in decision-making and personality, the temporal lobe in hearing and memory, the occipital lobe in vision, and the cerebellum in balance. The neurotransmitter serotonin is important for mood regulation.
我们了解到大脑的不同区域与不同功能相关：额叶参与决策和人格，颞叶负责听觉和记忆，枕叶负责视觉，小脑负责平衡。神经递质血清素对情绪调节很重要。
10. Research Ethics and Evaluating Evidence | 研究伦理与证据评估
All psychological research must follow ethical guidelines to protect participants. The main ethical principles are informed consent (participants know what they are agreeing to), confidentiality, the right to withdraw, and protection from harm.
所有心理学研究都必须遵循伦理准则以保护参与者。主要伦理原则包括知情同意（参与者了解自己所同意的事项）、保密、随时退出的权利以及免受伤害的保护。
When we evaluate a study, we look at validity (does it measure what it claims to measure?) and reliability (can it be repeated with consistent results?). We also consider sample size and whether the findings can be generalised to other groups. These skills help students think critically about the psychology they encounter.
当我们评估一项研究时，会考察其效度（它是否测量了声称要测量的东西？）和信度（重复进行是否能得到一致的结果？）。我们还会考虑样本量以及研究结果是否可以推广到其他群体。这些技能帮助学生对所接触的心理学进行批判性思考。
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