📚 Year 7 WJEC Psychology: Glossary and Quick Memorisation Guide | 七年级 WJEC 心理学：词汇术语速记指南
Learning psychology is like learning a new language – it comes packed with special words and phrases. This guide is your personal vocabulary trainer for Year 7 WJEC Psychology. For each key term, you will find a clear definition and a memorable trick, story, or silly image to lock the word into your brain. Use it before class, during revision, or whenever you need a quick mental shortcut.
学习心理学就像学习一门新语言——里面充满了特殊的词语和表达。这份指南是你七年级 WJEC 心理学的专属词汇训练师。对于每一个关键术语，你都会看到一个清晰的定义，以及一个有趣的记忆妙招、故事或生动画面，帮你在大脑里牢牢锁住这个词。可以在课前、复习时，或任何需要快速心法的时候使用它。
1. Brain Basics | 大脑基础
Cerebrum: The largest part of the brain, responsible for thinking, memory, and voluntary movements. Mnemonic: Picture a brain wearing a cap that says ‘Cerebrum = Sir I Brum’ – imagine a knight (Sir) shaking his head to think.
大脑皮层（Cerebrum）: 大脑中最大的部分，负责思维、记忆和随意运动。记忆法：想象一个戴着帽子的脑袋，上面写着“大脑皮层——骑士摇头”，一位骑士一边摇头一边思考，代表大脑在活跃。
Cerebellum: The ‘little brain’ at the back, controlling balance, coordination, and fine movements. Mnemonic: ‘Cerebellum sounds like ‘cere-bell’, think of a tiny bell on a circus seal’s nose – balance!
小脑（Cerebellum）: 位于后部的“小号大脑”，控制平衡、协调和精细动作。记忆法：像马戏团海豹鼻尖上的小铃铛，摇摇晃晃却保持平衡。
Brainstem: The stalk-like part linking the brain to the spinal cord, managing automatic functions such as heartbeat and breathing. Mnemonic: Imagine a sturdy stem of a plant keeping a flower alive without you thinking about it.
脑干（Brainstem）: 连接大脑和脊髓的茎状结构，管理心跳、呼吸等自动功能。记忆法：就像植物的茎默默维持花朵的生命，你根本不用去想。
Neuron: A nerve cell that sends electrical messages around the body. Mnemonic: ‘Neuron’ rhymes with ‘new on’ – picture a light bulb switching on in a chain.
神经元（Neuron）: 在全身传递电信号的神经细胞。记忆法：像一串灯泡相继点亮，传递着“新开启”的信号。
Synapse: The tiny gap between neurons where chemical messengers jump across. Mnemonic: ‘Synapse’ sounds like ‘sin-gap’ – a gap where a spark leaps.
突触（Synapse）: 神经元之间化学信使跳跃的微小间隙。记忆法：像一个火花飞过的小缝隙，沟通由此产生。
2. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉
Sensation: The raw data coming from your senses – light, sound, pressure – before the brain interprets it. Mnemonic: ‘Sensation’ starts like ‘sensor’ – a camera sensor just catching light.
感觉（Sensation）: 来自感官的原始数据——光线、声音、压力——在大脑解释之前。记忆法：就像相机的传感器单纯捕捉光线，还没变成照片。
Perception: The process where the brain organises and gives meaning to sensory information. Mnemonic: ‘Perception’ has ‘per’ as in ‘perfect picture’ – the brain completes the image.
知觉（Perception）: 大脑组织并赋予感官信息意义的过程。记忆法：大脑像拼图高手，把碎片变成“完美照片”。
Absolute Threshold: The smallest amount of a stimulus you can detect 50% of the time. Mnemonic: Imagine being in a pitch-black room – the first tiny candle flame you notice is the absolute threshold.
绝对阈限（Absolute Threshold）: 你有一半机会能察觉到的最小刺激量。记忆法：在全黑的房间里，你看到的第一丝烛光就是绝对阈限。
Difference Threshold: The smallest change in a stimulus you can notice – also called just noticeable difference (JND). Mnemonic: Holding a heavy bag, you only feel a small extra book when it makes a ‘just noticeable’ difference.
差别阈限（Difference Threshold）: 你能察觉到的最小刺激变化，也叫最小可觉差（JND）。记忆法：提着重书包，多加一本小小的书你才刚能察觉到不同。
Illusion: When perception tricks you – you see (or hear) something that does not match the physical world. Mnemonic: Think ‘illusion’ sounds like ‘I lose-sion’ – I lose my correct vision.
错觉（Illusion）: 知觉欺骗你的时刻——你看到或听到的东西不符合物理现实。记忆法：好像说我失去了正确的视觉。
3. Memory Essentials | 记忆要点
Encoding: The first step of converting information into a form that can be stored. Mnemonic: ‘En-coding’ like entering a secret code into a computer.
编码（Encoding）: 把信息转换成可储存形式的第一步。记忆法：像为电脑输入一串密码，信息也要转换才能进入大脑。
Storage: Keeping information over time in your brain. Mnemonic: Think of it as a huge warehouse or a cloud drive – the more you organise, the easier to find.
储存（Storage）: 信息在大脑中长时间保留。记忆法：像个巨大的仓库或云盘，整理得越好，找起来越容易。
Retrieval: Getting information back out when you need it. Mnemonic: ‘Retrieval’ contains ‘retrieve’ – like a dog fetching a bone you buried.
提取（Retrieval）: 需要时把信息从脑中取出来。记忆法：像小狗把你埋的骨头叼回来，你要找到记忆。
Sensory Memory: A split-second holding tank for sensory input. Mnemonic: The sparkler trail – you see the glowing arc for a moment even after the stick passes.
感觉记忆（Sensory Memory）: 对感官输入瞬间的暂存器。记忆法：仙女棒划过之后，光迹停留片刻，就是感觉记忆。
Short-Term Memory (STM): Holds about 7 (plus/minus 2) items for around 20 seconds. Mnemonic: Imagine a Post-it note that can only hold 7 digits before it falls off.
短时记忆（STM）: 大约容纳7±2个项目，保持20秒左右。记忆法：就像一张便利贴，最多写七个数字，多一个就会掉。
Long-Term Memory (LTM): Virtually limitless storage that can last a lifetime. Mnemonic: Picture a gigantic, well-labelled filing cabinet where you keep childhood memories.
长时记忆（LTM）: 几乎无限的储存空间，可以维持一生。记忆法：想象一个巨大档案柜，装着你童年的一切，标签清晰。
4. Learning and Conditioning | 学习与条件作用
Classical Conditioning: Learning through association – a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a meaningful one. Mnemonic: Think Pavlov’s dogs drooling at the sound of a bell. ‘Classic’ like a classic recipe: bell + food = drool.
经典条件作用（Classical Conditioning）: 通过联想学习——中性刺激与有意义的刺激联系起来。记忆法：就像巴甫洛夫的狗，听到铃声就流口水，经典配方：铃声+食物=口水。
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): Something that naturally and automatically triggers a response, like food making you drool. Mnemonic: ‘Unconditioned’ means ‘no training needed’, so a dog just drools to meat powder.
无条件刺激（UCS）: 自然且自动引发反应的东西，比如食物让你分泌唾液。记忆法：“无条件”意味着不需要训练，狗看到肉末就会自动流口水。
Conditioned Response (CR): The learned response to a previously neutral stimulus. Mnemonic: After training, the bell alone causes drooling – that’s the ‘conditioned’ action, like a habit you picked up.
条件反应（CR）: 对先前中性刺激学会的反应。记忆法：训练后，光是铃声就引起流口水，这就是习得的“条件”动作，像个新习惯。
Operant Conditioning: Learning through consequences – behaviour changes because of rewards or punishments. Mnemonic: ‘Operant’ sounds like ‘operate’ – you operate on the environment to get a treat, like a rat pressing a lever.
操作条件作用（Operant Conditioning）: 通过后果学习——行为因奖励或惩罚而改变。记忆法：像一只老鼠按压杠杆得到食物，你通过操作环境获得好处。
Reinforcement: Anything that makes a behaviour more likely to happen again. Positive reinforcement: adding a treat. Negative reinforcement: removing an annoying noise. Mnemonic: ‘Reinforce’ means to strengthen, like adding steel rods to concrete.
强化（Reinforcement）: 任何让行为更可能再次发生的事物。正强化：加入奖励。负强化：移除讨厌的噪音。记忆法：像在混凝土中加入钢筋，让它更坚固，行为被加强。
Punishment: A consequence that decreases the likelihood of a behaviour. Mnemonic: If a child touches a hot radiator, pain punishes the action and they stop doing it.
惩罚（Punishment）: 降低行为发生可能性的后果。记忆法：孩子摸热暖气片，灼痛惩罚了动作，下次就不摸了。
5. Emotions and Stress | 情绪与压力
Emotion: A short-lived, intense feeling caused by a specific event, like joy when you see a friend. Mnemonic: ‘E-motion’ – energy in motion, fast and strong.
情绪（Emotion）: 由特定事件引起的短暂、强烈的感受，比如见到朋友时的喜悦。记忆法：像运动的能量，又快又强。
Mood: A longer-lasting, less intense emotional state, often without a clear cause. Mnemonic: ‘Mood’ rhymes with ‘roof’ – a general feeling that covers you like a roof all day.
心境（Mood）: 持续时间更长、不那么强烈的情绪状态，常常没有明显原因。记忆法：像屋顶一样整天笼罩着你的一种普遍感觉。
Stress: The body’s response to perceived threat or challenge. Mnemonic: Think of a stressed guitar string – pulled too tight and about to snap.
压力（Stress）: 身体对感知到的威胁或挑战的反应。记忆法：像一根被拉得太紧快要断掉的吉他弦。
Fight-or-Flight Response: An automatic bodily reaction that prepares you to either face danger or run away. Mnemonic: Imagine a zebra spotting a lion – heart pounds, breathing quickens, ready to fight or fly.
战或逃反应（Fight-or-Flight Response）: 身体自动反应，让你准备面对危险或逃跑。记忆法：斑马看到狮子，心跳加速，呼吸急促，准备战斗或飞逃。
Coping Strategies: Ways people handle stress, such as problem-focused (tackling the issue) or emotion-focused (calming feelings). Mnemonic: ‘Coping’ rhymes with ‘hoping’ – you hope to feel better by either fixing it or soothing yourself.
应对策略（Coping Strategies）: 人们处理压力的方法，比如问题聚焦（解决事情本身）或情绪聚焦（平复感受）。记忆法：通过解决问题或安抚自己，你希望感觉变好。
6. Social Psychology Terms | 社会心理学词汇
Conformity: Changing your behaviour or beliefs to match those of a group, even if you privately disagree. Mnemonic: Think of the Asch line experiment – everyone gives the wrong answer, and you feel pressured to ‘con-form’ too.
从众（Conformity）: 改变行为或信念以迎合团体，即便私下不同意。记忆法：像阿希线段实验，大家都给出错误答案，你也被迫“顺从形式”。
Obedience: Following direct orders from an authority figure. Mnemonic: Milgram’s shock experiment – participants obeyed the experimenter in a white coat. ‘Obey’ the one in charge.
服从（Obedience）: 遵从权威人物的直接命令。记忆法：米尔格拉姆电击实验，参与者服从穿白大褂的实验者。服从掌权者。
Groupthink: A phenomenon where the desire for group harmony leads to poor decision-making because members suppress their doubts. Mnemonic: ‘Groupthink’ = the group thinks it is invincible, like a sports team ignoring a risky play.
群体思维（Groupthink）: 因为追求团体和谐而压制疑虑，导致糟糕决策的现象。记忆法：团队认为大家想的都对，像一支球队无视明显的风险策略。
Bystander Effect: The more people who witness an emergency, the less likely any one person will help. Mnemonic: ‘By-stander’ – stand by and wait for someone else to act. Imagine a crowd at a park all thinking ‘someone else will call for help’.
旁观者效应（Bystander Effect）: 目击紧急事件的人越多，每个人主动帮忙的可能性越低。记忆法：大家都站在一旁，等着别人行动。想象公园里一群人都觉得别人会呼救。
Prejudice: A negative attitude towards someone based on their group membership, without knowing the individual. Mnemonic: ‘Pre-judge’ – you judge before you know the real story.
偏见（Prejudice）: 基于群体身份对别人产生的负面态度，并不了解个人。记忆法：是提前判断，还没了解真实故事就下了结论。
7. Research Methods for Beginners | 研究方法入门
Hypothesis: A testable prediction about what will happen in an experiment. Mnemonic: ‘Hypothesis’ sounds like ‘high-pothesis’ – a high-level guess you can check.
假设（Hypothesis）: 关于实验会发生什么的可检验预测。记忆法：一个可以检验的高明猜想。
Independent Variable (IV): The one thing the researcher changes or manipulates. Mnemonic: ‘I’ change the ‘Independent’ variable. Think ‘IV drip’ that you control the flow of.
自变量（IV）: 研究者改变或操纵的唯一因素。记忆法：我（I）改变自变量。像控制静脉点滴的流速。
Dependent Variable (DV): What the researcher measures; it may change because of the IV. Mnemonic: The DV ‘Depends’ on the IV. Imagine a puppy that depends on you feeding it.
因变量（DV）: 研究者测量的结果，可能随自变量改变而变。记忆法：DV依赖于IV，就像小狗依赖你喂食。
Observation: A method where you watch and record behaviour without interfering. Mnemonic: Be a secret agent ‘observed’ through binoculars – just watching, not touching.
观察法（Observation）: 一种通过观察并记录行为而不加干预的方法。记忆法：像秘密特工用望远镜观察，只看不动。
Survey: A set of questions used to gather self-reported data from many people. Mnemonic: ‘Survey’ sounds like ‘serve-ay’ – you serve a platter of questions to many guests.
调查法（Survey）: 用一系列问题收集许多人的自陈数据。记忆法：像端上一大盘问题请许多客人作答。
Ethical Guidelines: Rules that protect participants’ rights and wellbeing, such as informed consent and confidentiality. Mnemonic: ‘Ethics’ rhymes with ‘ethics-ticks’ – a checklist of ticks you must follow to be fair and safe.
伦理准则（Ethical Guidelines）: 保护参与者权利和福祉的规定，比如知情同意和保密。记忆法：像一个必须逐项打勾的公平安全清单。
8. Development and Attachment | 发展与依恋
Attachment: A deep emotional bond that forms between a child and caregiver. Mnemonic: ‘Attachment’ like ‘attach-meant’ – meant to stay connected, like a baby monkey clinging to a soft cloth mother.
依恋（Attachment）: 孩子与照顾者之间形成的情感纽带。记忆法：像小猴子紧抓住绒布妈妈，意味着要紧紧相连。
Secure Attachment: A healthy bond where a child feels safe to explore, knowing the caregiver will return. Mnemonic: Think of a toddler happily playing in a room, occasionally glancing back to check mummy is there – secure base.
安全依恋（Secure Attachment）: 一种健康纽带，孩子知道照顾者会回来，因此能安心探索。记忆法：幼儿在房间里开心玩耍，偶尔回头确认妈妈还在，就有了安全基地。
Temperament: A person’s natural style of reacting emotionally, partly present from birth. Mnemonic: ‘Temper’ like temperature – some people run hot (fiery) and some cool (calm).
气质（Temperament）: 一个人天生的情绪反应风格，部分与生俱来。记忆法：像温度，有的人性情热烈，有的人冷静温和。
Puberty: The period of physical changes during which a young person becomes capable of reproduction. Mnemonic: ‘Puberty’ sounds a bit like ‘boo-perty’ – a spooky time of rapid growth spurts!
青春期（Puberty）: 年轻人身体发生一系列变化并具备生殖能力的时期。记忆法：像个身体突然冒高的“惊奇”阶段。
Identity: A sense of who you are, your values and goals. Mnemonic: ‘Identity’ contains ‘I-dent’ – the dent that makes you unique, like a fingerprint.
自我认同（Identity）: 关于你是谁、你的价值和目标的感觉。记忆法：像指纹上独一无二的坑痕，让你与众不同。
9. Cognitive Skills | 认知技能
Attention: The mental focus on a stimulus. Mnemonic: ‘At-tent-ion’ – picture a tent where only one thought is allowed inside.
注意（Attention）: 心理对某个刺激的聚焦。记忆法：像一顶只允许一个想法进入的帐篷。
Selective Attention: Focusing on one thing while filtering out others – the cocktail party effect. Mnemonic: At a noisy party, you hear your name through the clutter; your brain ‘selects’ it.
选择性注意（Selective Attention）: 聚焦一件事同时过滤其他——鸡尾酒会效应。记忆法：嘈杂派对上你突然听到自己名字，大脑把它“选”了出来。
Problem Solving: Figuring out the solution to a challenging situation. Mnemonic: Like tying to find your way out of a maze – each dead end is a learning step.
问题解决（Problem Solving）: 找到挑战性情况的解决方案。记忆法：像在迷宫中找出口，每次走错都是一步学习。
Decision Making: Choosing between options. Mnemonic: ‘Decision’ cuts off the other options; imagine scissors snipping away the ‘no’ choices.
决策（Decision Making）: 在选项间做选择。记忆法：像剪刀剪掉那些“不”的选项，留下要做的决定。
Metacognition: Thinking about your own thinking. Mnemonic: ‘Meta’ means ‘beyond’, so metacognition is stepping outside your brain and watching yourself learn – like a drone hovering over your mind.
元认知（Metacognition）: 对自己思考过程的思考。记忆法：“元”意味着超越，就像一架无人机盘旋在你心灵上空，观察自己如何学习。
10. Quick Memory Tricks for Psychology Terms | 心理学术语记忆小技巧
Acronyms: Take the first letters of a list and make a word or phrase. For example, to remember the memory stages: Encoding, Storage, Retrieval, use ‘E.S.R. = Every Smart Robot’.
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