📚 Year 7 WJEC Statistics: Quick Guide to Vocabulary and Terminology | 七年级WJEC统计：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to this fast-track memorisation guide for the key vocabulary in Year 7 WJEC Statistics. Mastering these terms will build your confidence in data handling, charts, probability, and more. Let’s get started!
欢迎来到这份七年级WJEC统计关键术语速记指南。掌握这些术语将增强你处理数据、图表、概率等方面的信心。让我们开始吧！
1. Types of Data | 数据类型
Qualitative (or categorical) data describes qualities, such as colours, names, or types. It is non-numerical.
定性数据（或类别数据）描述性质，如颜色、姓名或类型，是非数值型的。
Quantitative data is numerical. It can be discrete (counted, e.g. number of pets) or continuous (measured, e.g. height).
定量数据是数值型的。它可以是离散的（可计数，如宠物数量）或连续的（可测量，如身高）。
2. Collecting Data | 数据收集
Primary data is information you collect yourself, for example by conducting a survey or experiment.
原始数据是你自己收集的信息，例如通过进行调查或实验。
Secondary data is data that someone else has already collected, such as statistics from a website.
二手数据是他人已经收集的数据，例如来自网站上的统计数据。
A questionnaire is a set of questions used to gather data from people.
问卷是一组用来从人们那里收集数据的问题。
A data collection sheet (or tally chart) helps record observations using marks.
数据收集表（或计数表）用标记帮助记录观察结果。
3. Averages: Mean, Median, Mode | 平均数：均值、中位数、众数
The mean is the average you find by adding all the values together and dividing by the number of values.
均值是将所有数值相加后除以数值个数得到的平均数。
The median is the middle value when all the data are arranged in order. If there are two middle numbers, take their mean.
中位数是将所有数据按顺序排列后处于中间位置的值。如果有两个中间数，则取它们的均值。
The mode is the value that appears most frequently. A set of data can have one mode, more than one mode, or no mode at all.
众数是出现次数最多的值。一组数据可以有一个众数、多个众数，或没有众数。
4. Measures of Spread: Range | 离散度量：全距
The range is the difference between the largest and the smallest values in a data set. It tells you how spread out the data are.
全距是数据集中最大值与最小值之间的差值，它描述了数据的分散程度。
An outlier is a value that lies far away from the rest of the data, which can affect the mean and range.
离群值是远离其他数据的一个数值，会影响均值与全距。
5. Frequency Tables and Tally Charts | 频数表与计数表
A frequency table shows how many times each item or group occurs. It often uses tallies to count.
频数表显示每个项目或组出现的次数，通常使用计数符号进行计数。
A tally is a mark such as a stroke, with every fifth stroke crossing the previous four, making groups of five easy to read.
计数符号是一种标记，如竖线，每五个标记用一条斜线穿过前四个，便于五五一组地阅读。
The total frequency is the sum of all the counts in the table.
总频数是表中所有计数的总和。
6. Bar Charts and Pictograms | 条形图与象形图
A bar chart uses rectangular bars of equal width to represent frequencies. The length (or height) of the bar shows the frequency.
条形图用宽度相等的矩形条表示频数，条的长度（或高度）代表频数。
The horizontal axis (x-axis) often shows categories, and the vertical axis (y-axis) shows the frequency. Always label axes and provide a title.
横轴（x轴）通常显示类别，纵轴（y轴）显示频数。务必给坐标轴标注并添加标题。
A pictogram uses pictures or symbols to represent data. A key tells you how many items each symbol stands for.
象形图使用图片或符号表示数据，图例告诉你每个符号代表多少个项目。
7. Pie Charts and Line Graphs | 饼图与折线图
A pie chart is a circle divided into sectors. Each sector’s angle corresponds to the proportion of the total.
饼图是将一个圆分成扇区的图，每个扇区的角度对应其在总量中的比例。
A line graph shows how a quantity changes over time. Points are plotted and joined by line segments.
折线图显示数量随时间的变化。点被标出并用线段连接起来。
When interpreting a line graph, look at the trend: is it increasing, decreasing, or staying constant?
解读折线图时，观察趋势：是上升、下降还是保持不变？
8. Probability Language | 概率语言
Probability describes how likely an event is to happen. Words like certain, likely, even chance, unlikely, impossible are used to describe outcomes.
概率描述事件发生的可能性。使用必定、很可能、等概率、不太可能、不可能等词语来描述结果。
Certain means the event will definitely happen (probability = 1).
必定意味着事件一定发生（概率 = 1）。
Impossible means the event cannot happen (probability = 0).
不可能意味着事件不会发生（概率 = 0）。
An even chance means the event is just as likely to happen as not (probability = 0.5 or ½).
等概率意味着事件发生与不发生的可能性相同（概率为0.5或½）。
9. Calculating Probability | 计算概率
Probability of an event = number of favourable outcomes ÷ total number of possible outcomes
事件概率 = 有利结果的数量 ÷ 可能结果的总数
Probability can be written as a fraction, decimal, or percentage. It always lies between 0 and 1 inclusive.
概率可以写成分数、小数或百分数，总是在0和1之间（包括0和1）。
A fair dice or fair coin means each outcome has the same chance of occurring.
公平的骰子或公平的硬币意味着每个结果出现的可能性相同。
10. Surveys and Sampling | 调查与抽样
A population is the entire group of people or things you are interested in studying.
总体是你要研究的全部人群或事物的集合。
A sample is a smaller group selected from the population to represent it.
样本是从总体中选出的代表总体的一个较小群体。
A random sample is one where every member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen.
随机样本是总体中每个成员被选中的机会均等的样本。
If a sample does not fairly represent the population, it is a biased sample.
如果样本不能公平代表总体，那就是有偏样本。
11. Bias and Fairness | 偏差与公正
Bias is a systematic error that makes results unrepresentative. It can come from how questions are worded or who is asked.
偏差是导致结果不具有代表性的系统误差。可能来自问题的措辞或被调查对象的选择。
A leading question is one that encourages a certain answer, e.g. “Don’t you agree that homework is too much?”
引导性问题是鼓励特定答案的问题，例如：”你难道不认为作业太多了吗？”
In probability, a game is fair if every player has the same chance of winning.
在概率中，如果每个玩家获胜的机会相同，游戏就是公平的。
12. Quick Memory Tips | 快速记忆窍门
To remember mean, think “Mean adds everything up and shares evenly” – because it is the arithmetic average.
记住均值，就想“均值把所有数加起来平均分配”——因为它是算术平均数。
Median sounds like “medium” – it is the middle value when ordered. Sort the data first!
中位数听起来像“中间”，是按顺序排列后中间的值。先排序！
Mode and “most” both start with “mo”. Mode is the value that appears most frequently.
众数（mode）和“最多”（most）都含有“mo”。众数是出现最多的值。
Range = Largest minus Smallest, so think “R = L – S”.
全距 = 最大值 – 最小值，所以记作“全距 R = L – S”。
For pictograms, remember “KEY unlocks the symbol’s meaning”. Always check the key!
对于象形图，记住“图例解锁符号的含义”。永远先看图例！
Probability: “P = Favourite outcomes over Total”. A fraction close to 1 means more likely.
概率：“P = 有利结果 / 总数”。分数越接近1，可能性越大。
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