📚 Case Study Practice for Year 8 OCR Psychology | 案例分析实战演练
Case studies are a key part of OCR Psychology, allowing students to explore real-life examples of behaviour and mental processes. This guide will help you practise case study analysis step by step, from identifying key features to evaluating methodology.
案例分析是OCR心理学的重要组成部分，让学生能够通过真实生活中的例子来探索行为和心智过程。本指南将帮助你一步步练习案例分析，从识别关键特征到评估研究方法。
1. What is a Case Study in Psychology? | 心理学中的案例分析是什么？
In OCR Psychology, a case study is an in-depth investigation of an individual, group or event. It allows psychologists to gather detailed information about real-life behaviour.
在OCR心理学中，案例研究是对个人、群体或事件的深入调查。它使心理学家能够收集真实行为的详细信息。
Case studies often use a combination of methods such as interviews, observations and questionnaires to build a rich picture.
案例研究通常结合访谈、观察和问卷等多种方法，形成一个丰富的全貌。
They are especially useful for studying unusual or complex phenomena that cannot be easily recreated in a lab.
它们对于研究无法在实验室轻易重现的异常或复杂现象特别有用。
2. Step 1: Identifying the Key Features | 第一步：识别关键特征
The first step in analysing a case study is to identify who was involved, what happened, where and when. Look for the target behaviour, the context and any background details.
分析案例研究的第一步是确定谁参与了、发生了什么、发生在哪里以及何时发生。寻找目标行为、情境和任何背景细节。
Make notes on the main characters, their relationships and the social or cultural setting. Highlight any unusual or significant actions.
记录主要人物、他们的关系以及社会或文化背景。突出任何不寻常或重要的行为。
For example, if the case involves helping behaviour, note the number of bystanders, the urgency of the situation and the reactions of those present.
例如，如果案例涉及助人行为，记下旁观者数量、情况的紧急程度以及在场者的反应。
3. Step 2: Applying Psychological Theories and Concepts | 第二步：应用心理学理论与概念
Once you have the features, link them to psychological theories. Ask yourself: What concept explains this behaviour? Could it be conformity, cognitive dissonance, or social identity?
识别特征后，将它们与心理学理论联系起来。问自己：什么概念可以解释这种行为？是从众、认知失调还是社会认同？
Use key terms accurately. If the case shows someone changing their answer to match a group, you might apply ‘normative social influence’.
准确使用关键术语。如果案例显示某人为了与群体一致而改变答案，你可以应用“规范社会影响”。
Always define the concept before applying it. For instance, define ‘diffusion of responsibility’ as the tendency for individuals to feel less responsible when others are present.
在应用概念之前，始终先定义它。例如，将“责任扩散”定义为当有他人在场时个体感到责任感降低的倾向。
4. Step 3: Linking to Research Evidence | 第三步：与研究证据相联系
A strong analysis connects the case study to well-known research. This shows you understand how theories are supported or challenged by evidence.
强有力的分析会将案例研究与众所周知的研究联系起来。这表明你理解理论是如何被证据支持或挑战的。
If the case involves bystander inaction, you might mention Latané and Darley’s (1968) smoke-filled room experiment, which found that participants were less likely to report smoke when with passive confederates.
如果案例涉及旁观者不作为，你可以提到拉塔内和达利（1968）的烟雾弥漫房间实验，该实验发现当与消极的假被试在一起时，参与者报告烟雾的可能性更低。
Compare and contrast the case details with the research procedure. Are the situations similar? Are the findings consistent?
将案例细节与研究过程进行比较和对照。情境相似吗？结果一致吗？
5. Step 4: Evaluating Strengths and Limitations | 第四步：评估优势与局限
Evaluation means discussing the strengths and weaknesses of the case study as a method. Consider validity, reliability, ethics and generalisability.
评估意味着讨论案例研究作为一种方法的优势与局限。考虑效度、信度、伦理和可推广性。
A strength is high ecological validity because it studies real-life behaviour. A limitation is that findings from one person may not apply to others.
一个优势是生态效度高，因为它研究现实生活行为。一个局限是单一个体的发现可能不适用于他人。
Also consider the type of data collected – qualitative data provides depth but is harder to analyse objectively.
还要考虑收集的数据类型——质性数据提供深度，但更难客观分析。
6. Worked Example: The Case of Kitty Genovese | 实战案例：基蒂·吉诺维斯事件
In 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked near her apartment in New York. Reports claimed 38 witnesses saw or heard the attack but no one intervened.
1964年，基蒂·吉诺维斯在她纽约的公寓附近遭到袭击。据报道有38名目击者看到或听到袭击，但无人干预。
This tragic event led to research on the bystander effect and diffusion of responsibility. We will use it to practise analysis.
这一悲剧事件引发了对旁观者效应和责任扩散的研究。我们将用它来练习分析。
Note: Later investigations suggested the number of witnesses was exaggerated, but the case remains an important trigger for social psychology.
注意：后来的调查显示目击者人数被夸大，但该案例仍是社会心理学的重要触发因素。
7. Analysing the Example – Features and Concepts | 分析案例——特征与概念
Features: Numerous neighbours were present, yet each assumed someone else would act. The attack lasted over half an hour, giving time to intervene.
特征：许多邻居在场，但每个人都以为别人会行动。袭击持续了半个多小时，有干预的时间。
Concepts: Diffusion of responsibility explains this inaction – the more people present, the less personal responsibility each feels. Pluralistic ignorance also played a role: bystanders looked to others for cues, and seeing no one else react, they concluded help was not needed.
概念：责任扩散解释了这种不作为——在场的人越多，每个人的个人责任感就越低。多元无知也起了作用：旁观者从他人那里寻找线索，看到没有其他人反应，便认为不需要帮助。
We can also apply the decision model of helping by Latané and Darley, which includes noticing the event, interpreting it as an emergency, and taking responsibility.
我们还可以应用拉塔内和达利的助人决策模型，包括注意到事件、将其解释为紧急情况以及承担责任。
8. How the Example Links to Core Studies | 案例如何与核心研究相联系
Piliavin, Rodin and Piliavin (1969) conducted a field experiment on a New York subway. A confederate collapsed, and researchers measured how quickly help was offered.
皮利亚文、罗丁和皮利亚文（1969）在纽约地铁进行了一项现场实验。一名假被试倒下，研究者测量了提供帮助的速度。
They found that help was more likely when the victim appeared ill rather than drunk, and that group size did not reduce helping in the same way as in lab studies. This challenges the simple diffusion of responsibility explanation.
他们发现，当受害者显得生病而非醉酒时，帮助更可能发生；而且群体大小并没有像实验室研究中那样减少帮助行为。这挑战了简单的责任扩散解释。
Linking back to Kitty Genovese, we can discuss how ecological validity is stronger in the Piliavin study, but each case has unique factors.
回顾基蒂·吉诺维斯，我们可以讨论皮利亚文研究的生态效度更高，但每个案例都有独特因素。
9. Evaluating the Case Study Method Itself | 评估案例研究方法本身
Strengths: Provides rich, detailed data; high validity for that individual; useful for generating hypotheses for further research.
优势：提供丰富、详细的数据；对该个体具有高效度；有助于为后续研究生成假设。
Limitations: Low reliability because it is hard to replicate exactly; researcher bias in interpretation; findings may not generalise; ethical issues of confidentiality.
局限：信度低，因为难以精确复制；研究者解释偏差；发现可能无法推广；保密性的伦理问题。
When answering exam questions, always balance strengths and limitations and support with examples from the case.
在回答考试问题时，总是平衡优势与局限，并用案例中的例子支持。
10. Exam-Style Practice Tips | 考试风格练习技巧
In OCR exam questions, you might be asked to ‘Analyse the case study using your knowledge of psychology’ or ‘Evaluate the research method used’.
在OCR考试题中，你可能会被要求“运用心理学知识分析案例”或“评估所使用的研究方法”。
Use the PEEL structure for paragraphs: Point, Evidence, Explanation, Link. Always embed key terms.
段落使用PEEL结构：论点、证据、解释、联系。始终嵌入关键术语。
Practice with different scenarios: a child learning aggression through observation (Bandura), a memory failure under stress (Loftus), or a group making a risky decision (Janis’s groupthink).
用不同场景练习：一个通过观察学习攻击行为的孩子（班杜拉），在压力下记忆失效（洛夫特斯），或一个做出冒险决定的群体（詹尼斯的群体思维）。
Finally, time yourself and check mark schemes to see how marks are awarded for description, application and evaluation.
最后，计时练习并查看评分方案，了解描述、应用和评估如何给分。
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