Media Studies Key Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | 媒体研究关键术语速记指南

📚 Media Studies Key Vocabulary Quick Memory Guide | 媒体研究关键术语速记指南

Building a solid foundation in Media Studies starts with learning the right words. This guide introduces the essential terms every Year 7 student should know, along with easy ways to remember them. From understanding what ‘media’ actually means to spotting how camera angles tell a story, each word comes to life with simple explanations and memory tricks. Whether you are analysing a film poster, a news website, or a music video, these terms will help you speak and write about media with confidence.

为媒体研究打下扎实基础，首先要学会正确的术语。本指南介绍了每个Year 7学生必须掌握的关键词汇，并提供简单好记的方法。从理解“媒体”的真正涵义，到分辨镜头角度如何讲述故事，每个术语都配有浅显的解释和速记技巧。不论是分析一张电影海报、一个新闻网站还是一支音乐录影带，这些词汇都能帮助你自信地讨论和书写媒体作品。

1. Media and Medium | 媒体与媒介

The word ‘media’ is the plural of ‘medium’, meaning a channel or tool used to communicate. When we talk about ‘the media’, we mean all the different ways information and entertainment reach large audiences: television, radio, newspapers, social media, films, and more. Think of a medium as the bridge between a producer and an audience. A simple memory trick: ‘A medium carries a message, just as a truck carries goods.’ Whenever you hear ‘medium’, imagine a delivery service for ideas.

“媒体（media）”是“媒介（medium）”的复数形式，意指用于传播信息的渠道或工具。当我们谈论“媒体”时，指的是信息与娱乐抵达广大受众的各种方式：电视、广播、报纸、社交媒体、电影等等。可以把媒介想象成生产者和受众之间的桥梁。一个简单的记忆窍门：“媒介传递信息，就像卡车运送货物。”每当听到“medium”，就在脑海中想象一个运送想法的快递服务。

2. Audience | 受众

An audience is any group of people who receive a media text. Audiences can be massive, like everyone watching a World Cup final, or small and specific, like readers of a niche magazine. Media producers always think about their target audience – the specific group they aim to reach. To remember this term, link ‘audience’ with ‘audio’ – an audience listens and watches. Ask yourself when studying a media product: who is this made for? How might different people react to the same image or headline?

受众是指接收媒体文本的任何人群。受众规模可以很庞大，比如观看世界杯决赛的每一个人，也可以很小众，比如某本专业杂志的读者。媒体生产者始终考虑他们的目标受众——他们希望触达的特定群体。为了记住这个术语，可以把“audience”和“audio”（声音）联系起来——受众会倾听和观看。在分析媒体产品时，问自己：这是为谁制作的？不同的人对同一张图片或同一条标题会有什么不同的反应？

3. Genre | 类型

Genre is a French word that means ‘type’ or ‘kind’. In Media Studies, genre helps us group texts that share similar features: horror films, pop music, broadsheet newspapers, first-person shooter games, and so on. Genres give audiences clues about what to expect, through familiar ingredients like setting, characters, and style. A quick memory aid: think of a genre as a recipe. A horror film often includes dark lighting, jump scares, and isolated houses; if these ‘ingredients’ change too much, the dish no longer tastes like horror.

Genre 是一个法语词，意为“类型”或“种类”。在媒体研究中，genre 帮助我们把具有相似特征的文本归类：恐怖电影、流行音乐、大报、第一人称射击游戏等等。类型通过人们熟悉的配方——如场景、人物和风格——向受众暗示作品内容。一个快速记忆法：把类型想象成一份食谱。恐怖片常常包含昏暗光线、突发惊吓和偏僻房屋；一旦这些“原料”变化太大，这道菜就不再有恐怖片的味道了。

4. Narrative | 叙事

Narrative simply means story – the way a sequence of events is organised to make meaning for an audience. Every media text, from a TV advert to a news bulletin, has a narrative structure, even if it is very short. Narratives have a beginning, middle, and end, and they usually involve characters facing a problem or conflict. To remember narrative, think of the abbreviation ‘BME’ (Beginning, Middle, End). Another useful trick is to use the word ‘narrate’: a narrator tells a story, so narrative is the story being told.

叙事就是故事——一种将一系列事件组织起来、为受众制造意义的方式。从电视广告到新闻简报，每一个媒体文本都有叙事结构，哪怕篇幅很短。叙事包含开始、中段和结尾，通常还会让角色面临问题或冲突。要记住 narrative，可以想想缩写“BME”（开始、中段、结尾）。另一个好用的窍门是借助单词“narrate”：叙述者讲述故事，而 narrative 就是被讲述的故事。

5. Representation | 再现

Representation is how the media shows us people, places, events, and ideas. It is not a mirror of reality but a carefully constructed version. For example, a news photograph of a politician can make them look strong or weak depending on the angle and moment chosen. To understand representation, ask: what is included, what is left out, and what effect does that have? A quick memory sentence: ‘Media re-presents the world; it does not just present it.’ The prefix ‘re-‘ means ‘again’, so representation is always a second version, not the original.

再现是指媒体如何向我们展示人物、地点、事件和观念。它不是现实的一面镜子，而是一个精心构建的版本。例如，一张政治人物的新闻照片，根据拍摄角度和选取的瞬间，可以让人物看起来强势或弱势。要理解再现，可以问自己：什么被放进来了，什么被省略了，这又产生了什么效果？一句速记句子：“媒体重新呈现（re-presents）世界，而非仅仅呈现（present）它。”前缀“re-”表示“再次”，因此再现永远是第二手版本，而不是原本。

6. Denotation and Connotation | 明示义与隐含义

Denotation is the literal, dictionary meaning of a sign – what you actually see or hear. Connotation is the deeper, associated meaning – the feelings and ideas a sign suggests. For instance, a red rose denotes a flower with red petals; it connotes romance, love, or even political parties depending on the context. To keep these two terms straight, use the phrase: ‘Denotation is what you detect with your eyes and ears; connotation is what you connect in your mind.’ Always start your analysis with denotation, then move to connotation.

明示义（denotation）是一个符号的字面、字典含义——你实际看到或听到的东西。隐含义（connotation）则是更深层的联想含义——符号所激发的情感和想法。比如，一朵红玫瑰的明示义是一株有红色花瓣的花；根据语境，它的隐含义则可能是浪漫、爱情，甚至是某个政党。为了分清这两个术语，可以用这句话：“明示义是你用眼睛和耳朵探测到的，隐含义是你在脑海中联想到的。”分析时，永远先说明示义，再过渡到隐含义。

7. Mise-en-scène | 场面调度

Mise-en-scène is a French term meaning ‘placed in the scene’. It covers everything you can see in a single frame: setting, props, costume, lighting, colour, and the position of characters. Directors use mise-en-scène to create mood and give the audience information without words. A useful memory image: imagine you have paused a film; everything in that frozen picture is mise-en-scène. When analysing, break it down using the word ‘CLAMPS’ – Costume, Lighting, Actors (placement and expression), Make-up, Props, Setting.

Mise-en-scène 是个法语词，意为“置于场景之中”。它涵盖了一个画框内你能看到的一切：场景、道具、服装、灯光、颜色以及人物的位置。导演运用场面调度来营造气氛，并在不依赖台词的情况下向观众传递信息。一个有效的记忆画面：想象你按下了电影的暂停键；那一帧定格画面中的一切就是场面调度。分析时可以用“CLAMPS”这个词来拆解——服装（Costume）、灯光（Lighting）、演员（Actors，站位与表情）、化妆（Make-up）、道具（Props）、场景（Setting）。

8. Camera Shots and Angles | 镜头与角度

Camera shots refer to how much of the subject or setting is shown in the frame. Key shots include: extreme long shot (shows the environment, character is tiny), long shot (full body), mid-shot (waist up), close-up (face fills the frame), and extreme close-up (just the eyes or a detail). Camera angle is the position of the camera in relation to the subject: high angle (camera looks down, making subject seem small or weak), low angle (camera looks up, making subject seem powerful), and eye level (neutral). Remember: ‘Shot is about distance; angle is about power.’

镜头景别指的是画框中呈现的人物或场景的范围。主要有：极远景（展现环境，人物很小）、全景（全身）、中景（半身）、特写（脸部充满画面）和大特写（只有眼睛或某个细节）。摄像机角度则是镜头相对于被摄体的位置：俯角（镜头向下拍，使主体显得渺小或软弱）、仰角（镜头向上拍，使主体显得强大）、平视（中立）。记住：“景别关乎距离；角度关乎权力。”

9. Editing | 剪辑

Editing is how shots are selected and arranged to create a finished media product. The speed of editing (fast cuts can create excitement; slow cuts can feel calm or serious) and the order of shots affect meaning. A common editing technique is the cut, but there is also the fade, dissolve, and jump cut. A memory trick: think of editing as a ‘visual sentence’. Just as words are arranged to build a sentence, shots are arranged to build a sequence. ‘Cut on action’ – changing shot during a movement – keeps the flow smooth and invisible.

剪辑是指如何选择和排列镜头，以制作出一个完整的媒体产品。剪辑节奏（快速切换能制造兴奋感；缓慢切换则显得平静或严肃）和镜头顺序都会影响意义。常见的剪辑手法有切、淡入淡出、溶接和跳接。一个记忆窍门：把剪辑想象成“视觉句子”。就像词语排列构成句子一样，镜头排列构成一个段落。“动作剪辑”——在人物动作进行中切换镜头——能使流畅感不被察觉。

10. Sound | 声音

Sound in media is divided into two main types: diegetic and non-diegetic. Diegetic sound is any noise that comes from the world of the film, such as characters talking, doors slamming, or music playing from a radio on screen. Non-diegetic sound exists outside the story world; only the audience hears it – things like voice-over narration, background music (soundtrack), and sound effects added for dramatic impact. To distinguish them, remember: ‘diegetic = in the story (characters can hear it); non-diegetic = outside the story (only we hear it).’ Think of the ‘fourth wall’: non-diegetic sound breaks it.

媒体中的声音分为两大类：叙事内声音和非叙事内声音。叙事内声音指来自影片世界内部的任何声响，例如角色对话、关门声，或画面中收音机播放的音乐。非叙事内声音存在于故事世界之外，只有观众能听到，比如画外音解说、背景音乐（原声带）以及为强化戏剧效果添加的音效。要区分它们，可以记住：“叙事内 = 故事之内（角色听得到）；非叙事内 = 故事之外（只有我们听得到）。”想象“第四堵墙”：非叙事内声音打破了这堵墙。

Published by TutorHao | Media Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com

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