📚 Quick Revision Guide to Key Chemistry Vocabulary Terms | 化学词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key vocabulary is the first step to success in Year 8 CCEA Chemistry. This bilingual guide provides concise definitions for the most important terms you will meet, helping you build confidence in both English and Chinese. Use it alongside your class notes to boost your recall and deepen your understanding.
掌握核心词汇是在 CCEA 八年级化学中取得成功的第一步。本双语指南为你接下来遇到的最重要术语提供了简洁的定义，帮助你建立中英双语自信。配合课堂笔记使用，可以提升记忆效果、加深理解。
1. States of Matter and Particle Theory | 物质状态与粒子理论
Solid: A state of matter with a fixed shape and fixed volume; its particles are tightly packed in a regular arrangement and vibrate in fixed positions.
固体：具有固定形状和固定体积的物质状态；其粒子紧密堆积、排列规则，并在固定位置上振动。
Liquid: A state of matter with a fixed volume but no fixed shape; its particles are close together but can slide past each other, taking the shape of the container.
液体：体积固定但没有固定形状的物质状态；粒子彼此靠近，但可以相互滑动，因此会呈现容器的形状。
Gas: A state of matter with no fixed shape and no fixed volume; its particles are far apart and move rapidly in all directions, completely filling any container.
气体：没有固定形状和体积的物质状态；粒子相距很远，向各个方向快速运动，会充满整个容器。
Particle: A tiny piece of matter; in the particle model, all substances are made up of extremely small particles that are constantly moving.
粒子：极小的物质单元；在粒子模型中，所有物质都由不断运动的极小粒子构成。
Melting: The change of state from solid to liquid, which occurs at the melting point when the particles gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions.
熔化：从固态变成液态的变化过程，在熔点温度下发生，此时粒子获得足够的能量挣脱其固定位置。
Freezing: The change of state from liquid to solid; at the freezing point, particles lose energy and settle into a fixed, orderly arrangement.
凝固：从液态变成固态的变化过程；在凝固点时，粒子失去能量并固定成有序的排列。
Boiling: The change from liquid to gas that happens throughout the liquid at the boiling point, forming bubbles of vapour.
沸腾：在整个液体内部发生的从液态到气态的变化，发生在沸点温度下，会形成蒸气气泡。
Condensation: The change of state from gas to liquid; it occurs when gas particles lose energy and come closer together.
冷凝：从气态变成液态的变化过程；当气体粒子失去能量并彼此靠近时发生。
Sublimation: The direct change of state from solid to gas without passing through the liquid state, for example, solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) turning into carbon dioxide gas.
升华：物质从固态直接变成气态而不经过液态的过程，例如固态二氧化碳（干冰）直接变成二氧化碳气体。
Diffusion: The movement of particles from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration, resulting in mixing.
扩散：粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的运动，最终导致混合。
2. Physical and Chemical Changes | 物理变化与化学变化
Physical change: A change in which no new substance is formed; the change is usually reversible, such as melting ice or dissolving salt in water.
物理变化：没有新物质生成的变化；通常可逆，例如冰的融化或盐溶于水。
Chemical change: A change that produces one or more new substances with different properties; chemical changes are generally irreversible, such as burning wood or rusting iron.
化学变化：产生一种或多种具有不同性质的新物质的变化；化学变化通常不可逆，例如木材燃烧或铁生锈。
Reactant: A starting substance that is used up in a chemical reaction.
反应物：在化学反应中被消耗的起始物质。
Product: A new substance formed in a chemical reaction.
生成物：在化学反应中生成的新物质。
Reversible reaction: A reaction that can go forwards and backwards under certain conditions (the concept can be used to compare with physical reversibility).
可逆反应：在一定条件下可以正向和逆向进行的反应（可用于与物理可逆性对比）。
Evidence of a chemical reaction: Signs that a chemical change has taken place, including a colour change, a gas produced (bubbles or effervescence), a temperature change (the mixture gets hotter or colder), or the formation of a precipitate (an insoluble solid).
化学反应的证据：表明发生了化学变化的迹象，包括颜色变化、产生气体（气泡或冒泡）、温度变化（混合物变热或变冷），或生成沉淀（不溶性固体）。
3. Elements, Compounds and Mixtures | 元素、化合物与混合物
Element: A pure substance made up of only one type of atom; it cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical means.
元素：仅由一种原子组成的纯净物；不能通过化学方法分解成更简单的物质。
Compound: A pure substance made up of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in fixed proportions.
化合物：由两种或多种不同元素以固定比例通过化学键结合而成的纯净物。
Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically joined; the components retain their own properties and can be separated by physical methods.
混合物：由两种或多种没有发生化学结合的物质组成的体系；各组分保持自身的性质，可以通过物理方法分离。
Periodic table: A tabular arrangement of all known elements, ordered by increasing atomic number, in which elements with similar properties are placed in the same vertical column (group).
元素周期表：将所有已知元素按原子序数递增排列的表格，具有相似性质的元素位于同一纵列（族）中。
Chemical symbol: A one- or two-letter abbreviation used to represent an element, e.g. C for carbon, Na for sodium.
化学符号：用来表示元素的一个或两个字母的缩写，例如 C 代表碳，Na 代表钠。
Chemical formula: A combination of symbols and numbers that shows the types and numbers of atoms in a compound, e.g. H₂O for water, CO₂ for carbon dioxide.
化学式：用符号和数字组合表示化合物中原子的种类和数目，例如 H₂O 代表水，CO₂ 代表二氧化碳。
Molecule: A group of two or more atoms held together by chemical bonds; it can be an element (e.g. O₂) or a compound (e.g. H₂O).
分子：由两个或更多原子通过化学键结合在一起的微粒；可以是单质（如 O₂），也可以是化合物（如 H₂O）。
Pure substance: A material that consists of only one element or one compound and has a fixed, sharp melting and boiling point.
纯净物：只由一种元素或一种化合物组成的物质，具有固定的、尖锐的熔点和沸点。
Impure substance: A material that contains more than one type of particle, such as a mixture; it usually melts and boils over a range of temperatures.
不纯物质：含有多种粒子的材料，例如混合物；通常在一定的温度范围内熔化和沸腾。
4. Atoms and the Periodic Table | 原子与元素周期表
Atom: The smallest part of an element that can exist and still show the chemical properties of that element.
原子：能够独立存在并仍表现出该元素化学性质的最小微粒。
Nucleus: The tiny, dense central part of an atom that contains protons and neutrons; it carries a positive charge and almost all the atom’s mass.
原子核：原子中心极小且致密的部分，包含质子和中子；带正电荷，集中了几乎全部原子质量。
Proton: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus with a relative charge of +1 and a relative mass of 1.
质子：存在于原子核中的亚原子粒子，相对电荷为 +1，相对质量为 1。
Neutron: A subatomic particle found in the nucleus with no electric charge (neutral) and a relative mass of 1.
中子：原子核中不带电荷的亚原子粒子，相对质量为 1。
Electron: A subatomic particle that moves around the nucleus in shells; it has a relative charge of -1 and a negligible mass.
电子：在核外分层运动的亚原子粒子，相对电荷为 -1，质量极小可忽略。
Atomic number: The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, which determines which element it is.
原子序数：原子核中质子的数目，决定了该原子属于哪种元素。
Mass number: The total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
质量数：原子核中质子与中子的总数。
Group: A vertical column in the periodic table; elements in the same group have the same number of electrons in their outer shell and therefore similar chemical properties.
族：元素周期表中的纵列；同一族元素最外层电子数相同，因此化学性质相似。
Period: A horizontal row in the periodic table; as you go across a period, the properties of the elements change gradually.
周期：元素周期表中的横行；从左到右，元素的性质逐渐变化。
Metal: An element that is typically shiny, conducts heat and electricity, and is malleable (can be hammered into sheets); metals are found on the left side of the periodic table.
金属：通常具有光泽、导热导电、具有延展性（可锤成薄片）的元素；位于周期表的左侧。
Non-metal: An element that is generally dull, poor conductor of heat and electricity, and brittle if solid; non-metals are found on the right side of the periodic table.
非金属：通常暗淡，导热导电性差，固态时脆性的元素；位于周期表的右侧。
5. Acids, Bases and the pH Scale | 酸、碱与pH值
Acid: A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) when dissolved in water; acids have a pH less than 7, taste sour, and turn blue litmus red.
酸：溶于水时释放出氢离子（H⁺）的物质；pH 值小于 7，有酸味，能使蓝色石蕊试纸变红。
Base: A substance that can neutralise an acid; metal oxides and metal hydroxides are common bases.
碱（广义）：可以中和酸的物质；常见的碱包括金属氧化物和金属氢氧化物。
Alkali: A soluble base that releases hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water; alkalis have a pH greater than 7, feel slippery, and turn red litmus blue.
可溶性碱（狭义的碱）：一种溶于水并释放出氢氧根离子（OH⁻）的碱；pH 值大于 7，有滑腻感，能使红色石蕊试纸变蓝。
pH scale: A scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is; pH 7 is neutral, below 7 is acidic, and above 7 is alkaline.
pH 值标度：从 0 到 14 的标度，用来衡量溶液的酸碱性；pH 7 为中性，小于 7 为酸性，大于 7 为碱性。
Indicator: A substance that changes colour depending on the pH of the solution; litmus and universal indicator are common examples.
指示剂：根据溶液 pH 不同而改变颜色的物质；常见的有石蕊和通用指示剂。
Universal indicator: A mixture of indicators that shows a range of colours across the pH scale, allowing the pH of a solution to be estimated.
通用指示剂：多种指示剂的混合物，在 pH 标度上显示一系列颜色，可用来估算溶液的 pH 值。
Neutralisation: The reaction between an acid and a base (or alkali) to produce a salt and water; the pH moves towards 7.
中和反应：酸与碱（或可溶性碱）反应生成盐和水的反应；pH 值向 7 靠近。
Salt: A compound formed when the hydrogen in an acid is replaced by a metal or ammonium ion; for example, sodium chloride (NaCl) is produced from hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide.
盐：酸中的氢被金属离子或铵根离子取代后形成的化合物；例如盐酸与氢氧化钠反应生成氯化钠（NaCl）。
6. Chemical Reactions and Their Signs | 化学反应及其标志
Chemical reaction: A process in which atoms are rearranged to form one or more new substances; it is represented by a word equation showing reactants on the left and products on the right, linked by an arrow (→).
化学反应：原子重新排列形成一种或多种新物质的过程；用文字方程式表示，左侧写反应物，右侧写生成物，中间用箭头（→）连接。
Word equation: A way of describing a chemical reaction using the names of the reactants and products, for example: sodium + water → sodium hydroxide + hydrogen.
文字方程式：用反应物和生成物的名称描述化学反应的方式，例如：钠 + 水 → 氢氧化钠 + 氢气。
Exothermic reaction: A reaction that transfers energy to the surroundings, usually making the reaction mixture feel hotter; combustion is a typical example.
放热反应：向周围环境传递能量的反应，通常使反应混合物温度升高；燃烧是典型的放热反应。
Endothermic reaction: A reaction that takes in energy from the surroundings, making the reaction mixture feel colder; thermal decomposition is often endothermic.
吸热反应：从周围环境吸收能量的反应，使反应混合物温度降低；热分解通常是吸热的。
Effervescence: The rapid formation of gas bubbles in a liquid during a chemical reaction; it is a sign that a gas is being produced.
冒泡（起泡）：在化学反应过程中，液体中迅速形成气泡的现象；这是产生气体的标志。
Precipitate: An insoluble solid that forms when two solutions are mixed and a chemical reaction occurs; it often appears as a cloudy suspension.
沉淀：两种溶液混合发生化学反应时形成的不溶性固体；常表现为浑浊的悬浮物。
7. Oxidation, Combustion and Thermal Decomposition | 氧化、燃烧与热分解
Oxidation: A reaction in which a substance gains oxygen; for example, magnesium reacts with oxygen to form magnesium oxide.
氧化反应：物质获得氧的反应；例如镁与氧气反应生成氧化镁。
Combustion: A rapid chemical reaction with oxygen that releases heat and light; this is often called burning, and typical fuels include hydrocarbons such as methane (CH₄).
燃烧：与氧气发生的快速化学反应，释放出热和光；俗称“着火”，典型的燃料包括碳氢化合物如甲烷（CH₄）。
Fuel: A substance that can be burned to release useful energy; common fuels include coal, natural gas, petrol and hydrogen.
燃料：可以燃烧释放出有用能量的物质；常见燃料包括煤、天然气、汽油和氢气。
Thermal decomposition: A type of chemical reaction in which a compound breaks down into simpler substances when heated strongly; for example, calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) decomposes into calcium oxide (CaO) and carbon dioxide (CO₂).
热分解：一种化合物在强热下分解成更简单物质的化学反应；例如碳酸钙（CaCO₃）分解成氧化钙（CaO）和二氧化碳（CO₂）。
Reactant (revisited): In combustion, the reactants are usually a fuel and oxygen; the products are often carbon dioxide and water (for hydrocarbons).
反应物（再次强调）：在燃烧反应中，反应物通常是燃料和氧气；对于碳氢化合物，生成物一般为二氧化碳和水。
8. Separation Techniques | 分离技术
Filtration: A technique used to separate an insoluble solid from a liquid by passing the mixture through a filter paper; the solid left on the paper is called the residue, and the liquid that passes through is the filtrate.
过滤：将混合物通过滤纸以分离不溶性固体与液体的技术；留在滤纸上的固体称为滤渣，通过的液体称为滤液。
Evaporation: A method used to separate a soluble solid from a solution; the solution is heated so that the solvent evaporates, leaving the solid behind.
蒸发：用于从溶液中分离可溶性固体的方法；加热溶液使溶剂蒸发，留下固体。
Crystallisation: A technique that produces solid crystals from a solution; by cooling a hot saturated solution, the dissolved solid forms pure crystals as it comes out of solution.
结晶：从溶液中获得固体晶体的技术；将热的饱和溶液冷却，溶解的固体会以纯晶体的形式从溶液中析出。
Distillation: A separation process that involves evaporating a liquid and then condensing the vapour back into a liquid; simple distillation is used to obtain a pure liquid from a solution, e.g. pure water from salt solution.
蒸馏：先蒸发液体，再将蒸气冷凝回液体的分离过程；简单蒸馏用于从溶液中提取纯液体，例如从盐溶液中得到纯水。
Fractional distillation: A method used to separate two or more liquids with different boiling points; it is used in industry to separate crude oil into useful fractions.
分馏：用于分离两种或多种沸点不同的液体的方法；工业上用于将原油分离成有用的馏分。
Chromatography: A technique used to separate mixtures of soluble substances, such as coloured inks; the mixture is carried by a mobile phase (solvent) over a stationary phase (paper), and components travel at different rates.
色谱法（层析法）：用于分离可溶性物质混合物（如彩色墨水）的技术；混合物由流动相（溶剂）带着通过固定相（纸），各组分移动速度不同而分离。
Soluble: Describes a substance that can dissolve in a solvent, such as salt in water.
可溶的：描述能够溶解在溶剂中的物质，例如盐溶于水。
Insoluble: Describes a substance that does not dissolve in a particular solvent, such as sand in water.
不溶的：描述在特定溶剂中不能溶解的物质，例如沙不溶于水。Published by TutorHao | Year 8 Chemistry Revision Series | aleveler.com
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