📚 Year 7 CAIE Engineering: Transition Guide from Primary to Secondary | 7年级CAIE工程：小升初衔接指南
Welcome to Year 7! As you step into secondary school, you will encounter a new subject called Engineering. This guide will help you bridge the gap from your primary science and design lessons, introducing you to the core ideas of engineering, safety, design thinking, and hands-on making. Whether you have built models before or are completely new, this transition guide will prepare you for the exciting journey ahead.
欢迎来到7年级！当你步入中学，你将遇到一门名为工程学的新学科。本指南将帮助你跨越小学科学和设计课程的知识鸿沟，向你介绍工程学的核心概念、安全规范、设计思维和动手制作。无论你以前是否制作过模型，还是完全新手，这份衔接指南都将为你未来的精彩旅程做好准备。
1. What is Engineering? | 工程学是什么？
Engineering is the application of science and mathematics to solve real-world problems. Engineers design, build, and test structures, machines, and systems. From the tallest skyscrapers to the smallest microchips, engineering shapes the world around us.
工程学是应用科学和数学解决现实世界问题的学科。工程师设计、建造和测试结构、机器和系统。从最高的摩天大楼到最小的微芯片，工程学塑造着我们周围的世界。
In Year 7, you will learn how to think like an engineer. This includes identifying problems, brainstorming ideas, creating prototypes, and evaluating results. You do not need to be an expert; curiosity and creativity are your most valuable tools.
在7年级，你将学习如何像工程师一样思考。这包括识别问题、头脑风暴想点子、制作原型和评估结果。你不需要成为专家；好奇心和创造力是你最宝贵的工具。
2. The Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
The design process is at the heart of engineering. It is a step-by-step method for creating solutions: Ask, Imagine, Plan, Create, and Improve. Often you will cycle through these steps many times, just like real engineers do.
设计流程是工程学的核心。它是一种逐步创建解决方案的方法：提问、想象、规划、创造和改进。通常你会像真正的工程师那样，多次循环这些步骤。
In primary school, you may have followed simple instructions for crafts. Now, you will learn to design your own projects from scratch. For example, if asked to build a bridge, you will first research bridge types, sketch plans, select materials, build a model, and then test its strength.
在小学，你可能按照简单的说明做手工。现在，你将学习从头开始设计自己的项目。例如，如果要求建造一座桥，你将首先研究桥梁类型，画出草图，选择材料，制作模型，然后测试其强度。
3. Materials, Tools, and Their Properties | 材料、工具及其特性
Understanding materials is essential. You will work with wood, metal, plastic, and possibly electronic components. Learn to identify properties such as hardness, flexibility, conductivity, and durability.
理解材料至关重要。你将与木材、金属、塑料，可能还有电子元件打交道。学习识别硬度、柔韧性、导电性和耐久性等特性。
Common tools include rulers, saws, glue guns, soldering irons, and multimeters. Always respect tools and use them only after proper training. In Year 7, you will practice basic workshop skills under supervision.
常用工具包括尺子、锯子、热熔胶枪、电烙铁和万用表。始终尊重工具，仅在经过适当培训后使用。在7年级，你将在监督下练习基本的工场技能。
| Material | Property (English) | 特性（中文） |
|---|---|---|
| Wood | Light, easy to cut, insulating | 轻质，易切割，绝缘 |
| Aluminium | Lightweight, conductive, malleable | 轻质，导电，延展性好 |
| Plastic (ABS) | Durable, insulating, can be moulded | 耐用，绝缘，可塑形 |
4. Forces, Motion, and Simple Machines | 力、运动和简单机械
Engineering cannot be separated from physics. You will revisit forces like push, pull, gravity, and friction. Simple machines such as levers, pulleys, and gears help us do work with less effort.
工程学离不开物理学。你将复习推力、拉力、重力和摩擦力等概念。杠杆、滑轮和齿轮等简单机械帮助我们更省力地做功。
Key concepts: force (F) is measured in newtons (N); mass (m) in kilograms (kg); and acceleration (a) in m/s². The relationship is given by Newton’s Second Law:
关键概念：力 (F) 以牛顿 (N) 为单位；质量 (m) 以千克 (kg) 为单位；加速度 (a) 以米每平方秒 (m/s²) 为单位。关系由牛顿第二定律给出：
F = m × a
In Year 7, you will build mechanisms that use levers to amplify force or change direction of motion. Understanding these basics will make your projects more functional.
在7年级，你将构建使用杠杆来放大力量或改变运动方向的机械装置。理解这些基础知识会使你的项目更加实用。
5. Introduction to Electronics and Circuits | 电子学与电路入门
Modern engineering increasingly involves electronics. You will learn about simple circuits, components such as LEDs, resistors, switches, and batteries. Ohm’s law will be introduced later, but now you will focus on building working circuits on a breadboard.
现代工程越来越涉及电子学。你将学习简单电路，了解LED、电阻、开关和电池等元器件。欧姆定律将在以后介绍，但现在重点是在面包板上搭建可工作的电路。
A basic circuit must be complete for current to flow. Symbol representations help us draw diagrams. Remember: a resistor reduces current, and an LED lights up when current flows in the correct direction.
一个基本电路必须完整才能使电流流动。符号表示法帮助我们绘制电路图。记住：电阻减小电流，当电流沿正确方向流动时LED会发光。
Simple series and parallel circuits will teach you how voltage and current behave. You will measure voltage with a multimeter and record observations.
简单的串联和并联电路将教你电压和电流的行为。你将使用万用表测量电压并记录观察结果。
6. Technical Drawing and Sketching Skills | 技术绘图与草图技能
Engineers communicate ideas through drawings. You will learn to produce neat, labelled sketches and use isometric and orthographic projections to show 3D objects on paper. Start with clear outlines, then add dimensions and notes.
工程师通过图纸来交流想法。你将学习绘制整洁、带标签的草图，并使用等距和正交投影在纸上展示三维物体。从清晰的轮廓开始，然后添加尺寸和注释。
In primary, you might have drawn pictures without precise measurements. Now, you will use rulers, set squares, and possibly CAD software to create accurate technical drawings. Accuracy matters because others will build from your plans.
在小学，你可能画图时没有精确测量。现在，你将使用尺子、三角尺，可能还有CAD软件来创建精确的技术图纸。精确性很重要，因为别人将根据你的设计进行建造。
Practice lettering and line types: continuous thick lines for visible edges, dashed lines for hidden details, and thin lines for dimensioning. These conventions are universal.
练习字体书写和线型：可见轮廓用粗实线，隐藏细节用虚线，尺寸标注用细线。这些规范是通用的。
7. Measurement, Units, and Conversion | 测量、单位与换算
Everything you make will be measured. The metric system is standard: millimetres (mm), centimetres (cm), metres (m). You will often need to convert between units. For instance, 1 cm = 10 mm, 1 m = 100 cm.
你制作的一切都需要测量。公制系统是标准：毫米 (mm)、厘米 (cm)、米 (m)。你经常需要进行单位换算。例如，1 cm = 10 mm，1 m = 100 cm。
Using instruments like calipers and micrometers gives precise readings. Learning to read scales accurately is a fundamental skill that will improve with practice. Always double-check your measurements before cutting or assembling.
使用卡尺和千分尺等仪器可获得精确读数。学会准确读数是基本技能，需要练习才能提高。在切割或组装之前，务必仔细检查你的测量结果。
You will also use angles and basic geometry. Recall that a full circle is 360°, and right angles are 90°. Protractors help measure and draw angles for mechanisms.
你还会用到角度和基本几何知识。回想一下，一整圈是360°，直角是90°。量角器帮助你测量和绘制机构中的角度。
8. Workshop Safety and Best Practices | 工场安全与最佳实践
Safety comes first in all engineering activities. You will be introduced to the school workshop rules: wear safety goggles, tie back long hair, no loose clothing, and always listen to the teacher. Never use machinery without supervision.
在所有工程活动中，安全第一。你会被介绍学校的工场规则：佩戴护目镜，扎起长发，不穿宽松衣物，始终听从老师讲解。未经监督，永远不要使用机器。
Understand the location of emergency stops, fire extinguishers, and first aid kits. Clean up your workspace after each session to prevent accidents. A tidy workshop is a safe workshop.
了解紧急停止按钮、灭火器和急救箱的位置。每次课程结束后清理你的工作区域以防事故。整洁的工场才是安全的工场。
Form good habits early: check tools for damage before use, keep cords away from cutting edges, and report any incidents immediately. Safety culture is just as important as technical skill.
尽早养成好习惯：使用前检查工具有无损坏，使电线远离切割边缘，立即报告任何事故。安全文化与技术技能同等重要。
9. Working in Teams: Communication and Roles | 团队合作：沟通与角色
Many engineering projects are completed in groups. You will learn to share ideas, listen to others, and divide tasks effectively. Assigning roles such as designer, builder, tester, and scribe can make teamwork smoother.
许多工程项目是以小组形式完成的。你将学习分享想法、倾听他人和有效分配任务。分配诸如设计师、建造者
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