📚 Year 7 CAIE Statistics: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide | Year 7 CAIE 统计：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of statistics is just like learning the rules of a new game – once you know the key words, everything starts to make sense. This quick memory guide introduces the most important vocabulary you will meet in Year 7 CAIE Statistics. For each term we give a simple definition, a memorable trick and a practical example so you can recall it instantly in class, in homework or during a test.
掌握统计学的语言就像学习一种新游戏的规则——一旦熟悉了关键词，一切都变得清晰起来。这份速记指南为你介绍 Year 7 CAIE 统计中最核心的词汇。每个术语都配有简单的定义、好记的窍门和实用的例子，让你在课堂、作业或考试中立刻就能回想起来。
1. Data and Information | 数据与信息
Data is a collection of raw facts, numbers, symbols or measurements that have not yet been organised. Think of data as the individual puzzle pieces – they exist but they don’t tell a story on their own. Information is data that has been sorted, analysed or presented in a way that makes it meaningful. Memory hook: ‘Data’ sounds like ‘dated facts’ – facts that have been recorded, while ‘Information’ has the word ‘inform’ inside it, because it informs you of something.
数据是一堆尚未整理过的原始事实、数字、符号或测量值。可以把数据想象成一块块的拼图碎片——它们存在但本身讲述不出完整的故事。信息则是经过排序、分析或以有意义的方式呈现出来的数据。记忆窍门：‘Data’听起来像‘达特’，可以联想成‘达到特写的记录’，而‘Information’里有‘inform’，因为信息会告知你一些事情。
2. Population and Sample | 总体与样本
In statistics, a population is the entire set of people, objects or events you want to study. A sample is a smaller group selected from the population, used to draw conclusions about the whole population without checking every single member. Memory trick: ‘Population’ contains ‘pop’ – think of a popular music star with many fans, that’s everyone. ‘Sample’ sounds like ‘small example’ – a tiny taste of the whole group.
在统计学中，总体是你想研究的全部人员、物品或事件。样本是从总体中选出的较小群体，用来推断总体的情况而无需调查每一个成员。记忆技巧：‘Population’里有‘pop’，让人想到流行歌手拥有大量粉丝，那就是所有人；‘Sample’听起来像‘small example’——一小份样品，代表整个总体。
3. Types of Data: Categorical and Numerical | 数据类型：分类数据与数值数据
Categorical data describes qualities or groups that cannot be measured with numbers in the usual sense, such as hair colour, favourite fruit or pet type. Numerical data is made up of numbers you can calculate with, like height, test scores or the number of siblings. Numerical data can be further split into discrete data, which can only take certain values (e.g. number of cars in a driveway – you cannot have 2.5 cars), and continuous data, which can take any value within a range (e.g. a person’s height can be 154.6 cm). Memory aid: ‘Categorical’ starts with ‘cat’ – imagine sorting cats into different coloured baskets. ‘Numerical’ has ‘number’ hidden inside it, so you know it involves digits.
分类数据描述的是不能用普通数字来度量的性质或组别，比如发色、喜爱的水果或宠物种类。数值数据则是由可以计算的数字组成，比如身高、考试成绩或兄弟姐妹的个数。数值数据还可以细分为离散数据，只能取特定的值（例如车道上停放的汽车数量，不可能有2.5辆），以及连续数据，可以在一个范围内取任意值（例如一个人的身高可以是154.6厘米）。记忆窍门：‘Categorical’开头是‘cat’，想象把不同颜色的猫放进对应的篮子；‘Numerical’里藏着‘number’，说明它和数字有关。
4. Tally Marks and Frequency | 计数符号与频率
A tally is a quick way of counting using short lines, with every fifth line drawn diagonally through the first four to make a group of five. Frequency is the number of times a particular data value occurs, often recorded in a frequency table next to tally marks. Memory hook: ‘Tally’ rhymes with ‘valley’ – picture a shepherd counting sheep with lines on a stick as they cross a valley. ‘Frequency’ sounds like ‘frequent see’ – how frequently you see a certain item in your list.
计数符号是一种用短线快速计数的方法，每数到第五个就用一条斜线穿过前四条，形成一组五。频率是指某个数据值出现的次数，通常和计数符号一起记录在频率表里。记忆窍门：‘Tally’读起来像‘塔利’，想象牧羊人数羊，每数一只就在木棍上刻一道。‘Frequency’听起来像‘frequent see’——你经常看见某个项目出现的频繁程度。
5. Mean – The Average | 平均数
The mean is found by adding up all the values in a data set and then dividing the total by the number of values. It gives the central value that balances the data. The mean is often called the average, although in statistics there are other types of average too. Memory image: The word ‘mean’ sounds like ‘bean’. Imagine you have a pot of beans and you want to share them equally among your friends – you count all the beans, then divide by the number of friends. That’s exactly what the mean does.
把一组数据里所有的数值加起来，再用总和除以数值的个数，就得到平均数。平均数提供了一个使数据平衡的中心值。虽然我们常说‘平均值’，统计中还有其他类型的平均数。记忆画面：‘Mean’的发音像‘蜜’，想象你有一罐蜜豆，想平均分给朋友们——你先数出总豆数，再除以朋友人数，这就是平均数的做法。
Mean = (Sum of all values) ÷ (Number of values)
6. Median – The Middle Value | 中位数
The median is the middle number in a sorted list of values. To find it, arrange the numbers from smallest to largest and pick the one in the centre. If there are two middle numbers, the median is their average. Memory trick: ‘Median’ sounds like ‘medium’ – the medium size is right in the middle of small and large. You can also think of the median strip in the middle of a road that separates two lanes; the median value separates the higher half from the lower half of a data set.
中位数是一组排序后的数值里最中间的那个数。先从小到大排列数据，再找到正中的那个。如果有两个中间数，中位数就是它们的平均数。记忆技巧：‘Median’的发音像‘medium’——中号正好位于小号和大号之间。你还可以联想马路中间的分隔带 median strip，它把道路分成两半；中位数也正好把数据分成较高的一半和较低的一半。
7. Mode – The Most Frequent | 众数
The mode is the value that appears most often in a data set. A set of data can have one mode, more than one mode (bimodal or multimodal) or no mode at all if no number repeats. Mode is especially useful for categorical data, e.g. the most popular colour chosen in a survey. Memory image: ‘Mode’ sounds like ‘mood’ or ‘model’ – think of the fashion model wearing the most popular style of the season. The mode is simply what is ‘in fashion’ most frequently in your data.
众数是一组数据中出现次数最多的值。一组数据可以有一个众数、多个众数（双众数或多众数），如果所有数都只出现一次则没有众数。众数在处理分类数据时特别有用，比如调查中最受欢迎的颜色。记忆画面：‘Mode’的发音像‘模’，让人想到T台上模特展示的最流行款式。众数就是数据里最‘时髦’、出现最频繁的那个值。
8. Range – The Spread | 极差
The range measures how spread out a set of data is. It is calculated by subtracting the smallest value from the largest value. A small range means the data are closely packed together, while a large range shows they are widely scattered. Memory hook: A mountain range contains the lowest valley and the highest peak – the range is the difference between these extremes. Whenever you hear ‘range’, picture a rangy landscape and subtract the bottom from the top.
极差衡量一组数据的分散程度，计算方法是最大值减去最小值。极差小说明数据集中紧密，极差大则表明数据分布很广。记忆窍门：山脉 range 包含最低的山谷和最高的山峰——极差正是这两个极端之间的差距。每当听到‘range’，就想象一片起伏的山野，用最高点减去最低点。
Range = Highest value − Lowest value
9. Bar Charts and Pictograms | 条形图与象形图
A bar chart uses rectangular bars of equal width to represent data, with the length of each bar showing the frequency or value for each category. The bars can be drawn vertically or horizontally and there are gaps between them to show the categories are separate. A pictogram uses simple pictures or symbols to represent data, where each picture stands for a certain number of items. Memory aid: ‘Bar’ reminds you of a bar of chocolate – rectangles lined up to compare. ‘Pictogram’ contains ‘picture’, so it is a diagram made of pictures.
条形图用宽度相等的长方形条块来表示数据，每个条块的长度代表相应类别的频率或数值。条块可以竖着画也可以横着画，条与条之间留有空隙，显示类别是分开的。象形图用简单的图画或符号表示数据，每个图画代表一定数量的项目。记忆方法：‘Bar’让人想到一块块巧克力，排在一起方便比较；‘Pictogram’里藏着‘picture’，所以是用图画构成的统计图。
10. Pie Charts and Sector Angles | 饼图与扇形角度
A pie chart is a circular chart divided into sectors, where each sector represents a proportion of the whole. The angle of each sector, called the sector angle, is calculated using the formula below. The whole circle represents 360°. Pie charts are ideal for showing how a total is split into parts. Memory helper: Think of a real pie cut into slices – the bigger the slice, the larger the angle and the larger the share. ‘Sector’ sounds like ‘section’ of a circle.
饼图是一个被分成若干扇形的圆形统计图，每个扇形代表整体的一部分。每个扇形的角度叫做扇形角度，可以通过下面的公式计算。整个圆代表360°。饼图特别适合展示一个总体如何分割成各个部分。记忆帮手：把饼图想象成一张被切开的大饼——扇形越大角度越大，所占份额也就越大。‘Sector’听起来像‘section（部分）’，就是圆的一部分。
Sector angle = (Frequency of category ÷ Total frequency) × 360°
11. Surveys and Questionnaires | 调查与问卷
A survey is a method of collecting data by asking people questions. The set of questions given to people is called a questionnaire. Good questions should be clear, unbiased and easy to answer. Closed questions have a limited set of answers (e.g. Yes/No), while open questions allow people to write freely. Memory image: ‘Survey’ sounds like ‘to view over’ – you are looking over people’s opinions. ‘Questionnaire’ has ‘question’ inside it, suggesting a paper full of questions.
调查是通过提问来收集数据的一种方法，发给人们的那套问题就叫做问卷。好的问题应当清楚、不带偏见而且容易回答。封闭式问题只有有限的几种答案（例如是/否），开放式问题则允许人们自由作答。记忆画面：‘Survey’就像‘俯瞰’——你在概括地查看大家的看法；‘Questionnaire’里面直接有‘question’，暗示它是一张写满问题的纸。
12. Probability Words: Certain, Likely, Unlikely and More | 概率词汇：确定、可能、不太可能等
Probability describes how likely an event is to happen. We use words placed on a scale from impossible to certain. ‘Impossible’ means 0 chance, ‘
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