📚 Year 8 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Key Terms Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering terminology is the foundation for success in Year 8 AQA Engineering. This bilingual guide organises essential vocabulary into clear, bite-sized sections so you can learn, recall, and apply every term with confidence.
掌握工程术语是 Year 8 AQA 工程课程成功的基础。这本双语指南将核心词汇整理成清晰、易于吸收的小节，帮助你自信地学习、回忆并运用每一个术语。
1. Introduction to Engineering Terms | 工程术语简介
Engineering uses specific words to describe materials, forces, processes, and design ideas accurately. Building a strong vocabulary helps you follow instructions, explain your own designs, and score higher on written assessments.
工程学使用特定的词汇来准确描述材料、力、过程和设计想法。建立扎实的词汇量有助于你遵循指令、阐释自己的设计，并在书面评估中获得更高分数。
This guide connects each English term with its Chinese equivalent, making it easier to memorise through association rather than rote learning.
本指南将每个英文术语与其对应的中文词汇联系起来，通过联想记忆而非死记硬背，让记忆更加轻松。
2. Materials and Their Properties | 材料及其特性
Engineers choose materials based on their properties. A metal such as steel is strong and ductile, meaning it can be drawn into wires. A polymer (plastic) is lightweight and often a good electrical insulator.
工程师根据材料的特性进行选择。金属（如钢）坚固且具有延展性，意味着可以被拉制成丝。聚合物（塑料）重量轻，通常是一种良好的电绝缘体。
Ceramics are hard and heat-resistant, while composites combine two or more materials to gain better properties, like carbon fibre reinforced plastic.
陶瓷坚硬且耐热，而复合材料将两种或以上材料结合在一起以获得更优的特性，例如碳纤维增强塑料。
Key property words: hardness (resistance to scratching), toughness (ability to absorb energy without breaking), ductility (can be stretched), malleability (can be hammered into sheets), and density (mass per unit volume).
关键特性词汇：硬度（抗刮擦能力）、韧性（吸收能量而不破裂的能力）、延展性（可拉伸）、可锻性（可锤打成薄片）以及密度（单位体积的质量）。
Conductors allow electricity or heat to flow easily (e.g., copper); insulators resist that flow (e.g., rubber).
导体允许电流或热量轻易流过（例如铜）；绝缘体阻碍该流动（例如橡胶）。
3. Forces and Loads | 力与载荷
A force is a push or a pull, measured in newtons (N). Loads are the forces applied to a structure or component. A static load is constant, while a dynamic load changes over time.
力是推或拉，以牛顿 (N) 为单位。载荷是施加在结构或部件上的力。静载荷是恒定的，而动载荷随时间变化。
The main types of force are: tension (pulling apart), compression (pushing together), shear (sliding across a surface), torsion (twisting), and bending (combination of tension and compression on opposite sides).
主要的力类型有：张力（拉开）、压力（挤压）、剪切力（沿表面滑动）、扭转力（扭转）和弯曲力（在相对两侧同时存在张力和压力）。
Newton’s Second Law links force, mass, and acceleration:
牛顿第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系起来：
F = m × a
where F is force (N), m is mass (kg), and a is acceleration (m/s²).
其中 F 是力（N），m 是质量（kg），a 是加速度（米每平方秒）。
When multiple forces act on a body, the resultant force determines its motion. Equilibrium means all forces balance and the object stays at rest or moves with constant velocity.
当多个力作用在一个物体上时，合力决定了它的运动状态。平衡意味着所有力相互抵消，物体保持静止或匀速运动。
4. Structures and Components | 结构与构件
A structure is something designed to support a load. Common structural elements include beams (horizontal members), columns (vertical supports), and ties (members in tension).
结构是为承受载荷而设计的事物。常见的结构元素包括梁（水平构件）、柱（垂直支撑）和拉杆（承受张力的构件）。
A truss is a framework of triangles that spreads loads efficiently, often used in bridges and roofs. Triangulation makes a frame rigid.
桁架是由三角形构成的框架，能够有效地分散载荷，通常用于桥梁和屋顶。三角形加强使框架变得坚固。
Other components: bracket (a support projecting from a wall), gusset (a plate reinforcing a joint), strut (resists compression), and shell structure (a thin, curved outer skin carrying load, like an eggshell).
其他构件：支架（从墙面突出的支撑件）、节点板（加强接头的板件）、撑柱（抵抗压力）和薄壳结构（像蛋壳一样通过曲面承载负荷的薄外壳）。
Understanding how each part behaves helps you predict where a structure might fail and how to reinforce it.
理解每个部件的作用有助于你预测结构可能在何处失效以及如何对其进行加固。
5. Mechanical Systems | 机械系统
A mechanical system changes an input force and motion into a different output. A lever is a simple bar that pivots around a fulcrum. The effort is the force you apply, and the load is what you want to move.
机械系统将输入的力和运动转变为不同的输出。杠杆是围绕支点转动的简单杆件。动力是你施加的力，负载是你想要移动的物体。
The principle of moments states that a lever is balanced when:
力矩原理指出杠杆平衡的条件是：
Effort × effort arm = Load × load arm
动力 × 动力臂 = 负载 × 负载臂
Pulleys and gears are rotating machine elements. A gear train can increase speed (driver larger than driven) or increase torque (driver smaller than driven). The gear ratio is the number of teeth on the driven gear divided by the number on the driver.
滑轮和齿轮是旋转的机械元件。齿轮系可以增大转速（主动轮大于从动轮）或增大扭矩（主动轮小于从动轮）。齿轮比是从动轮齿数除以主动轮齿数。
A cam and follower converts rotary motion into reciprocating (back-and-forth) motion. Linkages connect levers to transmit force.
凸轮和从动件将旋转运动转换为往复（来回）运动。连杆机构连接杠杆以传递力。
6. Electronics and Circuits | 电子学与电路
An electric circuit is a complete path through which current flows. Current (I) is the flow of charge, measured in amperes (A). Voltage (V) is the energy per charge, measured in volts (V). Resistance (R) opposes current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电路是电流流过的一个完整路径。电流 (I) 是电荷的流动，以安培 (A) 计量。电压 (V) 是单位电荷的能量，以伏特 (V) 计量。电阻 (R) 阻碍电流，以欧姆 (Ω) 计量。
Ohm’s Law links these three quantities:
欧姆定律联系了这三个量：
V = I × R
In a series circuit, components are connected one after another; current is the same everywhere, but voltage splits. In a parallel circuit, components are side by side; voltage stays the same, but current splits.
在串联电路中，元件一个接一个地连接；各处电流相同，但电压分配。在并联电路中，元件并排连接；电压相同，但电流分配。
Common components: cell (single energy source), battery (two or more cells), switch (opens or closes a circuit), resistor (limits current), LED (emits light, must be protected by a series resistor), motor (converts electrical energy to motion), and buzzer (produces sound).
常见元件：单电池（单个能源）、电池组（两个或以上电池）、开关（通断电路）、电阻器（限制电流）、发光二极管（发光，必须串联保护电阻）、电动机（将电能转为运动）和蜂鸣器（发出声音）。
7. Engineering Design Process | 工程设计流程
The design process is a series of steps that turn an idea into a working product. It begins with identifying a need or problem and researching existing solutions.
设计流程是将想法变为可用产品的一系列步骤。它从识别需求或问题并研究现有解决方案开始。
A design brief states the goal, while a specification lists measurable requirements such as size, cost, and materials. Constraints are limits like budget or time.
设计纲要陈述目标，而规格说明列出可衡量的要求，如尺寸、成本和材料。约束条件是预算或时间等限制。
Generating ideas often involves brainstorming and sketching. The chosen concept is developed in detail, and a prototype is built. A prototype is an early sample to test form, fit, and function.
生成想法通常涉及头脑风暴和草图。选定的概念被详细发展，并制作原型。原型是用来测试形状、配合度和功能的早期样本。
Evaluation and testing highlight weaknesses, leading to iterative improvements. Engineers repeat the cycle of testing and redesigning until the product meets all specifications.
评估和测试会揭示不足之处，进而进行迭代改进。工程师重复测试与重新设计的循环，直到产品满足所有规格要求。
8. Measurement and Units | 测量与单位
Exact measurement is vital in engineering. The SI system uses base units: metre (m) for length, kilogram (kg) for mass, second (s) for time, and kelvin (K) for temperature.
精确测量在工程中至关重要。国际单位制采用基本单位：米 (m) 表示长度，千克 (kg) 表示质量，秒 (s) 表示时间，开尔文 (K) 表示温度。
Derived units include: newton (N) for force (kg·m/s²), pascal (Pa) for pressure (N/m²), joule (J) for energy, and watt (W) for power (J/s).
导出单位包括：力的牛顿 (N) (kg·m/s²)，压力的帕斯卡 (Pa) (N/m²)，能量的焦耳 (J)，以及功率的瓦特 (W) (J/s)。
When measuring components, use millimetres (mm) on technical drawings. 1 cm = 10 mm, 1 m = 1000 mm. Area is measured in m² or mm², volume in m³ or cm³. Density (ρ) is mass/volume, often in kg/m³.
测量部件时，技术图纸上使用毫米 (mm)。1 cm = 10 mm，1 m = 1000 mm。面积以 m² 或 mm² 计量，体积以 m³ 或 cm³ 计量。密度 (ρ) 是质量/体积，通常以 kg/m³ 计。
Tolerance is the acceptable variation in a dimension, e.g., 50 mm ±0.5 mm. Accuracy is how close a measurement is to the true value. Precision is the repeatability of a measurement.
公差是尺寸可接受的变动范围，例如 50 mm ±0.5 mm。准确度是测量值与真值的接近程度。精密度是测量结果的可重复性。
9. Tools and Safety | 工具与安全
Common workshop tools: steel rule for measuring length, vernier calliper for inside/outside dimensions, micrometer for very precise thickness, try square for checking right angles, and spirit level for horizontal alignment.
常见车间工具：用于测量长度的钢尺，测量内外径的游标卡尺，高精度测量厚度的千分尺，检查直角的直角尺，以及检查水平度的水平仪。
Cutting and shaping tools include hacksaw, coping saw, files, and hand drill. Always secure work in a vice or clamp. A soldering iron joins electronic components with melted solder.
切割和造型工具包括钢锯、手弓锯、锉刀和手钻。务必用台虎钳或夹具固定工件。电烙铁通过熔化的焊锡连接电子元件。
PPE stands for Personal Protective Equipment. Typical PPE: safety goggles to protect eyes, ear defenders for loud machinery, gloves when handling sharp or hot materials, and apron or lab coat. Tie back long hair and remove loose clothing.
PPE 代表个人防护装备。常见 PPE：保护眼睛的护目镜，噪声环境下使用的耳罩，处理锋利或热材料时戴的手套，以及围裙或实验服。将长发束起并脱去宽松衣物。
A risk assessment identifies hazards and outlines how to reduce them. Emergency procedures include knowing the location of the fire extinguisher and first aid box.
风险评估识别危险并制定降低危险的措施。应急程序包括知晓灭火器和急救箱的位置。
10. Communication in Engineering | 工程沟通
Engineers use technical drawings to communicate precise information. Orthographic projection shows separate views: front, side, and plan (top) arranged in 2D. Isometric drawing shows a 3D view with axes at 120° angles.
工程师使用技术图纸来传达精确信息。正投影图展示二维分视图：前视图、侧视图和俯视图。等轴测图用120°轴展示三维视图。
All drawings must include dimensions in millimetres and an appropriate title block. Annotations add notes on materials or processes. A scale indicates the ratio of drawing size to real size.
所有图纸必须包含以毫米为单位的尺寸标注和合适的标题栏。注释可添加关于材料或工艺的说明。比例表示图纸尺寸与实物尺寸的比率。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software creates precise 2D and 3D models. CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacture) converts CAD designs into instructions for machines like laser cutters and 3D printers. Together they speed up prototyping and production.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）软件创建精确的二维和三维模型。CAM（计算机辅助制造）将 CAD 设计转换为激光切割机和3D打印机等机器的指令。两者结合可加快原型制作与生产速度。
A flowchart is another communication tool, using symbols to represent steps in a process, decisions, and start/end points. This helps plan sequences of operations or electronic program logic.
流程图是另一种沟通工具，使用符号表示流程中的步骤、决策以及开始/结束点。这有助于规划操作序列或电子程序逻辑。
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