Year 8 Cambridge Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 8 剑桥心理学：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 8 Cambridge Psychology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 8 剑桥心理学：核心知识点梳理

Psychology is a fascinating subject that helps us understand why people behave the way they do. This revision guide covers the core knowledge areas you will encounter in Year 8 Cambridge Psychology, from the foundations of the discipline to research methods and real-world applications.

心理学是一门引人入胜的学科，帮助我们理解人们为何会有如此行为。本复习指南涵盖了你在 Year 8 剑桥心理学中会遇到的各个核心知识领域，从学科基础到研究方法以及实际应用。

1. What is Psychology? | 什么是心理学？

Psychology is defined as the scientific study of mind and behaviour. It explores mental processes such as thinking, memory, and emotion, as well as observable actions.

心理学被定义为对心理和行为的科学研究。它探究思维、记忆和情绪等心理过程，以及可观察的行为。

Unlike common sense, psychology relies on systematic methods and evidence to draw conclusions about human nature.

与常识不同，心理学依靠系统的方法和证据来得出关于人性的结论。

Psychologists work in many fields including clinical, educational, forensic, and organisational settings, making it a diverse discipline.

心理学家在临床、教育、司法和组织等多个领域工作，使之成为一门多元化的学科。

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2. Key Perspectives in Psychology | 心理学主要流派

To understand behaviour, psychologists adopt different perspectives, each offering a unique lens. The main ones you will learn about are:

为了理解行为，心理学家采用不同的视角，每种视角都提供了独特的解释。你将了解的主要流派包括：

Biological perspective	生物视角：Focuses on how the brain, nervous system, and hormones influence behaviour. 关注大脑、神经系统和激素如何影响行为。
Cognitive perspective	认知视角：Examines internal mental processes such as memory, problem-solving, and language. 研究记忆、问题解决和语言等内部心理过程。
Behavioural perspective	行为主义视角：Emphasises observable behaviour and the role of learning through conditioning. 强调可观察的行为以及通过条件反射进行学习的作用。
Social-cultural perspective	社会文化视角：Looks at how social norms, culture, and other people shape behaviour. 考察社会规范、文化和他人如何塑造行为。

Each perspective provides valuable insights, and modern psychologists often combine them to get a fuller picture.

每种视角都提供了宝贵的见解，现代心理学家经常将它们结合起来以获得更全面的图景。

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3. The Biological Basis of Behaviour | 行为的生物基础

All behaviour has a biological foundation. The nervous system, made up of billions of neurons, transmits signals using electrical impulses and chemical messengers called neurotransmitters.

所有行为都有其生物学基础。由数十亿个神经元组成的神经系统通过电冲动和称为神经递质的化学信使传递信号。

Important brain structures include the cerebrum (responsible for thinking and voluntary movement), the cerebellum (balance and coordination), and the brainstem (basic life functions like breathing).

重要的大脑结构包括大脑（负责思维和随意运动）、小脑（平衡与协调）和脑干（如呼吸等基本生命功能）。

The limbic system, including the amygdala and hippocampus, plays a key role in emotion and memory.

包括杏仁核和海马体在内的边缘系统在情绪和记忆中起关键作用。

Hormones such as adrenaline prepare the body for ‘fight or flight’, while dopamine is involved in reward and pleasure.

肾上腺素等激素使身体做好 ‘战斗或逃跑’ 的准备，而多巴胺则参与奖励和愉悦。

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4. Sensation and Perception | 感觉与知觉

Sensation is the process of detecting physical stimuli from the environment through sense organs. Perception is how we interpret and organise sensory information to make sense of the world.

感觉是通过感觉器官从环境中检测物理刺激的过程。知觉是我们如何解释和组织感觉信息以理解周围世界。

The five main senses are vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Each sense has specialised receptors: rods and cones in the eyes, hair cells in the ears, taste buds on the tongue, etc.

五大感觉是视觉、听觉、味觉、嗅觉和触觉。每种感觉都有专门的感觉器：眼睛中的视杆细胞和视锥细胞、耳朵中的毛细胞、舌头上的味蕾等。

Perceptual processes include selective attention (focusing on certain stimuli while ignoring others) and depth perception cues such as binocular disparity and linear perspective.

知觉过程包括选择性注意（关注某些刺激而忽略其他）和深度知觉线索，如双眼视差和线条透视。

Optical illusions demonstrate that perception does not always match reality; they reveal how our brain makes assumptions about sensory input.

视错觉表明知觉并不总是与现实相符；它们揭示了大脑如何对感觉输入做出假设。

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5. Memory: How We Remember | 记忆：我们如何记住

Memory is the process of encoding, storing, and retrieving information. The multi-store model (Atkinson & Shiffrin) suggests three stores: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM).

记忆是编码、存储和提取信息的过程。多存储模型（Atkinson & Shiffrin）提出了三个存储库：感觉记忆、短期记忆（STM）和长期记忆（LTM）。

Sensory memory	感觉记忆：Holds sensory information very briefly (a few seconds). 暂时（几秒钟）保持感觉信息。
Short-term memory	短期记忆：Can hold about 7±2 items for around 20-30 seconds without rehearsal. 在不重复的情况下可保持约7±2个条目20-30秒。
Long-term memory	长期记忆：Has a potentially unlimited capacity and duration; stores knowledge and experiences. 容量和持续时间几乎无限；存储知识和经验。

Rehearsal transfers information from STM to LTM. Forgetting can occur due to decay or interference. Ebbinghaus’s forgetting curve shows rapid forgetting shortly after learning, then levelling off.

复述可将信息从短期记忆转移到长期记忆。遗忘可能由于衰退或干扰而发生。艾宾浩斯的遗忘曲线显示学习后不久遗忘迅速，随后平缓。

There are different types of LTM: episodic (personal events), semantic (facts), and procedural (skills).

长期记忆有不同的类型：情景记忆（个人事件）、语义记忆（事实）和程序性记忆（技能）。

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6. Learning: Classical and Operant Conditioning | 学习：经典条件反射与操作性条件反射

Learning refers to a relatively permanent change in behaviour due to experience. Two fundamental types of learning studied in psychology are classical conditioning and operant conditioning.

学习是指由于经验而导致的行为相对持久的改变。心理学中研究的两种基本学习类型是经典条件反射和操作性条件反射。

Classical conditioning, discovered by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through association. A neutral stimulus (e.g., a bell) is paired with an unconditioned stimulus (e.g., food) that naturally produces a response (salivation). Over time, the neutral stimulus alone becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits a conditioned response.

经典条件反射由伊万·巴甫洛夫发现，通过联想进行学习。一个中性刺激（如铃声）与一个自然产生反应（分泌唾液）的无条件刺激（如食物）配对。随着时间的推移，单独的中性刺激变成条件刺激，引发条件反应。

Operant conditioning, developed by B.F. Skinner, focuses on the consequences of behaviour. Reinforcement (positive or

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