Year 8 CCEA Biology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 8 CCEA 生物：核心知识点梳理

📚 Year 8 CCEA Biology: Core Knowledge Overview | Year 8 CCEA 生物：核心知识点梳理

This revision guide covers the essential topics in the CCEA Year 8 Biology curriculum, organised into clear sections to help students grasp key concepts quickly and confidently. From the seven life processes to the systems of the human body, each section provides concise explanations paired with Chinese translations to support bilingual learning.

本复习指南涵盖 CCEA 八年级生物课程的核心主题，以清晰的章节组织呈现，帮助学生快速、自信地掌握关键概念。从七种生命过程到人体系统，每个章节都提供简洁的英文解释并配以中文翻译，助力双语学习。

1. The Seven Life Processes (MRS GREN) | 七种生命过程（MRS GREN）

Living organisms all carry out seven common life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion and Nutrition. These can be remembered using the acronym MRS GREN.

所有生物都进行七种共同的生命过程：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄和营养。可以使用首字母缩写 MRS GREN 来记忆。

Movement refers to an organism changing position or moving parts of its body. Even plants show slow movement, such as growing towards light.

运动是指生物改变位置或移动身体部位。即使植物也会表现出缓慢的运动，例如向光生长。

Respiration is the release of energy from food inside cells. It is not the same as breathing.

呼吸是指细胞内部从食物中释放能量。它不同于呼吸动作。

Sensitivity means detecting and responding to changes in the environment, such as a plant bending towards sunlight.

感应意味着探测并响应环境变化，例如植物向阳光弯曲。

Growth is a permanent increase in size or cell number.

生长是体积或细胞数量的永久性增加。

Reproduction is the production of offspring, either sexually or asexually.

繁殖是指产生后代，可以是有性繁殖或无性繁殖。

Excretion is the removal of metabolic waste products, like carbon dioxide and urea.

排泄是指去除代谢废物，如二氧化碳和尿素。

Nutrition involves taking in and using food materials for energy and growth.

营养是指摄取和利用食物材料以获取能量和生长。

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2. Cells – The Building Blocks of Life | 细胞——生命的基本单位

All living things are made up of cells. Some organisms are unicellular (made of one cell), while others are multicellular (made of many cells).

所有生物都由细胞构成。有些生物是单细胞的（由一个细胞构成），而其他生物是多细胞的（由许多细胞构成）。

Animal and plant cells share common structures: a cell membrane, cytoplasm, and a nucleus containing genetic material. Plant cells also have a rigid cell wall, chloroplasts for photosynthesis, and a large central vacuole.

动物细胞和植物细胞共有一些结构：细胞膜、细胞质以及含有遗传物质的细胞核。植物细胞还具有坚硬的细胞壁、进行光合作用的叶绿体和一个中央大液泡。

Under a light microscope, most cells are transparent, so stains like iodine or methylene blue are used to make structures visible.

在光学显微镜下，大多数细胞是透明的，因此常使用碘液或亚甲蓝等染色剂使结构可见。

The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell, and the cytoplasm is where many chemical reactions occur.

细胞膜控制物质的进出，细胞质是许多化学反应发生的场所。

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3. Levels of Organisation: From Cells to Systems | 组织层次：从细胞到系统

Cells of the same type group together to form tissues. For example, muscle tissue is made up of muscle cells that contract.

相同类型的细胞聚集在一起形成组织。例如，肌肉组织由能够收缩的肌细胞构成。

Tissues work together to form organs. The stomach is an organ made of muscular tissue, glandular tissue, and epithelial tissue.

组织协同工作形成器官。胃是一个由肌肉组织、腺体组织和上皮组织构成的器官。

Organs are organised into organ systems that perform a major function. The digestive system includes the mouth, oesophagus, stomach, intestines and accessory organs like the liver and pancreas.

器官组织起来形成执行主要功能的器官系统。消化系统包括口腔、食道、胃、肠以及肝脏和胰腺等附属器官。

In plants, organs include roots, stems and leaves, which together form the shoot and root systems.

在植物中，器官包括根、茎和叶，它们共同组成地上部和根系。

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4. Classification of Living Things | 生物的分类

Biologists classify organisms into groups based on shared features. The largest groups are kingdoms. The five kingdoms commonly studied are Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists and Prokaryotes (bacteria).

生物学家根据共同特征将生物分类。最大的分类群是界。通常学习的五界系统包括动物界、植物界、真菌界、原生生物界和原核生物界（细菌）。

Each organism is given a two-part scientific name (binomial system), such as Homo sapiens for humans. The first part is the genus, the second the species.

每种生物都有一个由两部分组成的学名（双名法），例如人类的学名为 Homo sapiens。第一部分是属名，第二部分是种名。

Classification keys, like branching diagrams or dichotomous keys, help identify organisms by asking a series of yes/no questions about observable traits.

分类检索表，如分支图或二叉式检索表，通过一系列关于可观察特征的是非问题来帮助鉴定生物。

Vertebrates (animals with backbones) are divided into five classes: mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and fish. Invertebrates lack a backbone and include arthropods, molluscs and worms.

脊椎动物（有脊椎骨的动物）分为五大类：哺乳动物、鸟类、爬行动物、两栖动物和鱼类。无脊椎动物没有脊椎骨，包括节肢动物、软体动物和蠕虫。

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5. Food Chains and Food Webs | 食物链与食物网

A food chain shows the flow of energy from one organism to another. It always begins with a producer, usually a green plant that makes its own food by photosynthesis.

食物链显示能量从一个生物传递到另一个生物的过程。它总是从生产者开始，通常是通过光合作用制造自身食物的绿色植物。

The producer is eaten by a primary consumer (herbivore), which in turn may be eaten by a secondary consumer (carnivore or omnivore). Decomposers break down dead matter and recycle nutrients.

生产者被初级消费者（食草动物）吃掉，初级消费者又可能被次级消费者（食肉动物或杂食动物）吃掉。分解者分解死去的物质并循环利用养分。

In an ecosystem, many food chains link together to form a food web, representing realistic feeding relationships. If one species disappears, it can affect the whole web.

在生态系统中，许多食物链相互连接形成食物网，代表了真实的取食关系。如果一个物种消失，可能会影响整个网络。

Energy is lost at each trophic level through movement, heat and waste, so the number of organisms usually decreases along the chain. This can be shown in a pyramid of numbers.

能量在每一个营养级都会因运动、热量和废物而损失，因此生物的数量通常沿食物链递减。这可以用数量金字塔来表示。

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6. Photosynthesis in Plants | 植物的光合作用

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants use sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. It takes place in the chloroplasts of plant cells.

光合作用是植物利用阳光将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。它发生在植物细胞的叶绿体中。

6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

Glucose produced is used for respiration, stored as starch, or converted into cellulose for cell walls, proteins for growth, or fats and oils for energy storage.

产生的葡萄糖用于呼吸作用，以淀粉形式储存，或转化为纤维素供给细胞壁、转化为蛋白质促进生长，或转化为脂肪和油储存能量。

Factors affecting photosynthesis include light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration and temperature. As any of these increases, the rate of photosynthesis rises until another factor becomes limiting.

影响光合作用的因素包括光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。这些因素中任何一个提高，光合作用速率都会上升，直到另一个因素成为限制因素。

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7. Human Digestive System | 人体消化系统

The digestive system breaks down large insoluble food molecules into small soluble ones that can be absorbed into the blood. Digestion involves both mechanical and chemical processes.

消化系统将大的不溶性食物分子分解为可被吸收进入血液的小的可溶性分子。消化包括物理过程和化学过程。

In the mouth, teeth mechanically break down food while saliva contains the enzyme amylase that starts digesting starch into sugars.

在口腔中，牙齿机械地分解食物，而唾液中含有淀粉酶，开始将淀粉消化为糖。

The food passes down the oesophagus to the stomach, where acid kills bacteria and pepsin enzyme begins protein digestion. The small intestine is where most

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