📚 Year 8 CIE Politics: Formula Theorem Quick Reference | 八年级CIE政治：公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your quick-reference guide for Year 8 CIE Politics. Think of each core idea as a formula or theorem that helps you decode how power, government, and society work. Keep this handbook handy for revision!
欢迎使用八年级CIE政治的速查手册。把每一个核心概念想象成一条公式或定理，它们能帮你破译权力、政府和社会是如何运作的。复习时别忘了这本手册！
1. Power Formula | 权力公式
Power = Influence × Legitimacy. A person or institution has power when they can shape decisions and are widely accepted as having the right to do so. Influence without legitimacy is mere coercion; legitimacy without influence is empty authority.
权力 = 影响力 × 合法性。当一个人或机构能够左右决策并且被广泛认可拥有这样做的权利时，他们就拥有了权力。没有合法性的影响力只是胁迫；没有影响力的合法性则是空洞的权威。
2. Theorem of Democracy | 民主定理
For a state to qualify as democratic, it must satisfy: Free Elections + Rule of Law + Protected Rights + Citizen Participation > 0. Remove any of these components, and the system tilts toward authoritarianism or anocracy.
一个国家要符合民主的标准，必须满足：自由选举 + 法治 + 受保护的权利 + 公民参与 > 0。去掉其中任何一个要素，体制就会滑向威权主义或混合政体。
3. Government Spectrum Equation | 政府光谱方程式
The type of government can be plotted on a spectrum: Government Control = f(Degree of Centralisation, Citizen Liberty). At one extreme lies totalitarianism; at the other, anarchism. Most modern states cluster around constitutional democracy.
政府类型可以绘制在一条光谱上：政府控制 = f(集权程度, 公民自由)。一端是极权主义，另一端是无政府主义。大多数现代国家集中在宪政民主附近。
Totalitarianism ↔ Authoritarianism ↔ Democracy ↔ Libertarianism ↔ Anarchism
极权主义 ↔ 威权主义 ↔ 民主 ↔ 自由意志主义 ↔ 无政府主义
4. Rule of Law Theorem | 法治定理
Justice = Law Application + Equality Before Law – Arbitrary Power. The rule of law holds when laws are publicly known, enforced equally, and no one – not even leaders – is above them. Subtract arbitrary power, and you strengthen justice.
正义 = 法律适用 + 法律面前人人平等 – 任意权力。当法律公开已知、平等执行且无人（包括领导人）凌驾其上时，法治便成立。减去任意权力，正义就会加强。
5. Citizenship Identity Formula | 公民身份公式
Citizen = Rights + Duties + Participation. A citizen is not merely a subject but an active member who holds civil, political, and social rights while contributing through obeying laws, paying taxes, and engaging in civic life.
公民 = 权利 + 义务 + 参与。公民不仅仅是被统治者，更是积极的成员，拥有民事、政治和社会权利，同时通过遵守法律、纳税和参与公共生活做出贡献。
6. Separation of Powers Theorem | 三权分立定理
Liberty Protection Index (LPI) = Legislative Independence × Judicial Independence × Executive Accountability. When the three branches of government check and balance one another, liberty is preserved. A concentration of powers in one branch reduces the LPI to near zero.
自由保护指数 (LPI) = 立法独立 × 司法独立 × 行政问责。当政府的三大分支彼此制衡时，自由得以保存。权力集中在一个分支会使 LPI 趋近于零。
| Legislature 立法机关 |
Executive 行政机关 |
Judiciary 司法机关 |
| Makes law 制定法律 |
Implements law 执行法律 |
Interprets law 解释法律 |
7. Electoral Fairness Equation | 选举公正方程式
Fair Election = Free Choice + Secret Ballot + One Person One Vote – Intimidation – Fraud. The integrity of elections determines the legitimacy of the government. Remove fear and cheating, and the people’s will can truly be measured.
公正选举 = 自由选择 + 秘密投票 + 一人一票 – 恐吓 – 舞弊。选举的公正性决定了政府的合法性。消除恐惧与作弊，人民的意志才能得到真实的体现。
8. Constitution Formula | 宪法公式
Constitution = Supreme Law + Rights Codification + Government Framework. A constitution sits above ordinary legislation, mapping out the structure of the state and listing fundamental rights. Amendment procedures are deliberately difficult to protect core principles.
宪法 = 最高法律 + 权利法典化 + 政府框架。宪法居于普通法律之上，勾勒出国家的结构并罗列基本权利。修正程序刻意设置得非常困难，以保护核心原则。
9. Political Spectrum Theorem | 政治光谱定理
Ideology Position = Economic Left-Right Axis + Social Authoritarian-Libertarian Axis. Left-wing policies favour economic equality and collective action; right-wing policies prioritise free markets and individual responsibility. The social axis measures personal freedoms versus traditional order.
意识形态位置 = 经济左右轴 + 社会威权-自由意志轴。左翼政策主张经济平等和集体行动；右翼政策优先自由市场和个人责任。社会轴衡量个人自由相对于传统秩序的程度。
- Left-wing / 左翼: Redistribution, state welfare | 再分配、国家福利
- Right-wing / 右翼: Low taxes, privatisation | 低税收、私有化
10. International Relations Equilibrium | 国际关系均衡
Peace = Diplomacy + Trade + Mutual Interests – (Arms Races + Nationalism). States pursue security through cooperation or competition. When diplomacy outweighs militarism, stable orders like alliances and treaties form.
和平 = 外交 + 贸易 + 共同利益 – (军备竞赛 + 民族主义)。国家通过合作或竞争追求安全。当外交重于军国主义时，就会形成联盟和条约等稳定秩序。
11. Lawmaking Algorithm | 立法算法
Law = Bill Proposal + Parliamentary Debate + Committee Scrutiny + Votes × (Lower House + Upper House) + Head of State Assent. The legislative process filters raw ideas into enforceable statutes. Each stage reduces the risk of hasty or unjust laws.
法律 = 法案提议 + 议会辩论 + 委员会审查 + 投票 × (下院 + 上院) + 国家元首签署。立法程序将原始想法过滤为可执行的法规。每个阶段都降低了仓促或不公正法律的风险。
12. Human Rights Baseline Theorem | 人权基线定理
Human Dignity = Universal Rights + Non-Discrimination + Access to Justice. Every individual, regardless of background, holds inalienable rights. The state’s duty is to respect, protect, and fulfil these rights, creating a floor below which treatment cannot fall.
人的尊严 = 普遍权利 + 不歧视 + 诉诸司法。每个个体，不论背景，都拥有不可剥夺的权利。国家的责任是尊重、保护和实现这些权利，形成一个待遇的下限。
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