📚 Year 8 Edexcel Chinese: Grammar Formulas & Rules Quick Reference | Edexcel 八年级中文：语法公式定理速查手册
This quick-reference handbook is designed for Year 8 students following the Edexcel Chinese (Mandarin) course. It brings together all the essential grammar formulas and sentence structures you need to master at this level. Use it to revise for exams, improve your writing, and boost your confidence in speaking and listening. Every rule is presented with a clear formula, practical examples, and direct bilingual explanations so you can grasp exactly how Chinese sentences work.
这本速查手册专为学习 Edexcel 中文（普通话）课程的八年级学生打造，汇总了本阶段需要掌握的全部核心语法公式和句型结构。你可以用它来备考复习、提升写作水平，并增强口语和听力信心。每个语法点都配有清晰的公式、实用例句和英中双语解释，帮助你准确理解中文句子的运作方式。
1. Basic Word Order: Subject + Verb + Object | 基本语序：主语 + 动词 + 宾语
The most fundamental formula in Chinese is the Subject–Verb–Object order, identical to English in its core. However, unlike English, adverbials of time and place do not go at the end of the sentence — they are placed between the subject and the verb. The most typical expanded order is: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object.
中文最基本的语法公式是主语—动词—宾语，这与英语的核心语序相同。但与英语不同的是，时间和地点状语不能放在句末，而要放在主语和动词之间。最常见的扩展语序是：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。
Formula: S + Time + Place + V + O
公式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语
Example: ‘I play football at school in the afternoon.’ becomes 我下午在学校踢足球 (Wǒ xiàwǔ zài xuéxiào tī zúqiú). Note that ‘in the afternoon’ and ‘at school’ both precede the verb ‘play’. It would be incorrect to say 我踢足球下午在学校.
例子：”I play football at school in the afternoon.” 变成 我下午在学校踢足球。请注意 “下午” 和 “在学校” 都出现在动词 “踢” 之前。如果说 我踢足球下午在学校 是错误的。
Even when there is only a time phrase or only a place phrase, keep it immediately before the verb: 我明天看电视 (Wǒ míngtiān kàn diànshì) – ‘I will watch TV tomorrow.’ The time word 明天 (tomorrow) stays before the verb.
即使只有时间短语或只有地点短语，也要直接放在动词前：我明天看电视 — 时间词 “明天” 仍然在动词之前。
2. Yes–No Questions with ‘ma’ (吗) | 用“吗”构成是非问句
One of the easiest formulas in Chinese is turning a statement into a yes–no question. Simply add the particle 吗 (ma) to the end of a declarative sentence. No change in word order is required, and you do not need to raise your intonation in the same way as in English.
中文里最简单的语法公式之一是把陈述句变成是非问句。只需在陈述句句尾加上语气词 “吗”，无需改变语序，也不需要像英语那样升高语调。
Formula: Statement + 吗？
公式：陈述句 + 吗？
Example: 你是学生 (Nǐ shì xuéshēng) – ‘You are a student.’ → 你是学生吗？(Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma?) – ‘Are you a student?’ Answer with 是 (yes) or 不是 (no), repeating the verb.
例子：你是学生。→ 你是学生吗？回答用 “是” 或 “不是”，重复问句中的动词。
Remember that 吗 cannot be used when the sentence already contains a question word like 什么 (what) or 谁 (who). If you ask 你是谁吗？it would be ungrammatical. Only use 吗 for yes–no questions.
切记，当句子中已有疑问词如 “什么” 或 “谁” 时，不能再用 “吗”。如果说 你是谁吗？是不合语法的。只有是非问句可以用 “吗”。
3. Question Words: 什么, 谁, 哪儿, 几 | 疑问词的运用
When you want to ask for specific information, replace the unknown element with a question word. The sentence order remains Subject–Verb–Object, and you do not add 吗 at the end. Question words in Chinese sit exactly where the answer would go.
当你想询问具体信息时，用疑问词替换未知的部分。句子语序仍为 SVO，句末不加 “吗”。中文疑问词的位置就是答案应该出现的位置。
Formula: S + V + Question Word (e.g. 什么, 谁, 哪儿, 几) ?
公式：主语 + 动词 + 疑问词 ？
Common question words for Year 8: 什么 (shénme) – what, 谁 (shuí) – who, 哪儿 (nǎr) – where, 几 (jǐ) – how many (usually less than 10), 怎么 (zěnme) – how. Example: 你叫什么名字？(Nǐ jiào shénme míngzi?) – ‘What is your name?’ 他是谁？(Tā shì shuí?) – ‘Who is he?’ 你去哪儿？(Nǐ qù nǎr?) – ‘Where are you going?’ 你有几个弟弟？(Nǐ yǒu jǐ gè dìdi?) – ‘How many younger brothers do you have?’
八年级常见疑问词：什么、谁、哪儿、几、怎么。例子：你叫什么名字？他是谁？你去哪儿？你有几个弟弟？
Note the difference between 几 and 多少 (duōshǎo). 几 is used for smaller numbers, often expecting a single-digit answer; 多少 is used for larger numbers. 你们学校有多少学生？(How many students are there in your school?)
注意 “几” 和 “多少” 的区别：”几” 用于预期较小的数字；”多少” 用于较大数目。如：你们学校有多少学生？
4. Measure Words: Number + Measure Word + Noun | 量词：数词 + 量词 + 名词
In Chinese, you cannot directly combine a number with a noun. Instead, a measure word (classifier) must be inserted between them. The formula is rigid: Number + Measure Word + Noun. The most common general measure word is 个 (gè), but many nouns have their own specific measure words.
中文里数字不能直接修饰名词，必须在中间插入一个量词。公式是固定的：数词 + 量词 + 名词。最通用的量词是 “个”，但很多名词有自己专用的量词。
Formula: Number + MW + Noun
公式：数词 + 量词 + 名词
Examples: 一个人 (yí gè rén) – one person; 三本书 (sān běn shū) – three books (本 is for bound volumes); 两张桌子 (liǎng zhāng zhuōzi) – two tables (张 is for flat objects); 五支笔 (wǔ zhī bǐ) – five pens (支 is for stick-like objects). Note that ‘two’ becomes 两 (liǎng) before a measure word, not 二 (èr).
例子：一个人；三本书（”本” 用于书籍）；两张桌子（”张” 用于平面物体）；五支笔（”支” 用于细长物品）。注意数字 “2” 在量词前要用 “两”，不是 “二”。
Common Year 8 measure words to memorise: 个 (general), 本 (books, notebooks), 张 (paper, tables, tickets), 支 (pens, pencils), 件 (clothes, matters), 瓶 (bottle of), 杯 (cup of). When you say 一瓶水 (yì píng shuǐ), the measure word 瓶 also acts like a container word.
八年级需牢记的量词：个、本、张、支、件、瓶、杯。像 “一瓶水” 中量词 “瓶” 同时也表示容器。
5. The Verbs 是 (shì) and 有 (yǒu) | 动词“是”与“有”
The verb 是 (shì) is used to link two nouns or a noun and a noun phrase, meaning ‘is/am/are’. It does not connect adjectives directly — you cannot say 我是高 (I am tall). Instead, adjectives act like verbs: 我很高 (Wǒ hěn gāo). 有 (yǒu) expresses possession (‘have’) or existence (‘there is/are’). Both are fundamental in Year 8 topics like describing people and environments.
动词 “是” 用于连接两个名词或名词短语，表示 “是”。它不能直接连接形容词，不能说 我是高。形容词可以直接作谓语：我很高。动词 “有” 表示 “拥有” 或 “存在”。两者在八年级描述人物和环境的主题中都至关重要。
Formula for 是: A + 是 + B (Noun)
“是” 的公式：A + 是 + B（名词）
Example: 他是我的中文老师 (Tā shì wǒ de Zhōngwén lǎoshī) – He is my Chinese teacher. For describing with adjectives, omit 是: 我弟弟很聪明 (Wǒ dìdi hěn cōngmíng) – My younger brother is very clever.
例子：他是我的中文老师。描述性格或外貌时去掉 “是”：我弟弟很聪明。
Formula for 有: Place + 有 + Noun (there is/are); S + 有 + Noun (have).
“有” 的公式：地方 + 有 + 名词（某处有）；主语 + 有 + 名词（拥有）。
Examples: 我家有六口人 (Wǒ jiā yǒu liù kǒu rén) – There are six people in my family. 我有两个妹妹 (Wǒ yǒu liǎng gè mèimei) – I have two younger sisters. Pay attention to the measure word 口 for family members.
例子：我家有六口人。我有两个妹妹。注意家庭成员的特色量词 “口”。
6. Modal Verbs: 会 (huì), 能 (néng), 可以 (kěyǐ) | 能愿动词：会、能、可以
Modal verbs in Chinese express ability, possibility, and permission. They always appear before the main verb, and the sentence order is Subject + Modal Verb + Verb + Object. Negation is formed by placing 不 before the modal verb.
中文的能愿动词表示能力、可能性和许可，始终放在主要动词之前，语序为：主语 + 能愿动词 + 动词 + 宾语。否定形式在能愿动词前加 “不”。
Formula: S + (不) 会/能/可以 + V + O
公式：主语 + （不） 会/能/可以 + 动词 + 宾语
Use 会 (huì) for learned skills: 我会说中文 (Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén) – I can speak Chinese. It is also used for future likelihood: 明天会下雨 (Míngtiān huì xià yǔ) – It will rain tomorrow. 能 (néng) often indicates physical ability or possibility due to circumstances: 我今天不能去学校 (Wǒ jīntiān bù néng qù xuéxiào) – I cannot go to school today. 可以 (kěyǐ) expresses permission: 我可以进来吗？(Wǒ kěyǐ jìnlai ma?) – May I come in?
“会” 用于学到的技能，如 我会说中文；也用于对未来的推测：明天会下雨。”能” 多表示体力或条件允许：我今天不能去学校。”可以” 表示许可：我可以进来吗？
Remember that in answers you often repeat the modal verb: A: 你会游泳吗？ B: 会 (yes, I can) or 不会 (no, I can’t).
记住，回答时通常重复能愿动词：A: 你会游泳吗？ B: 会。/ 不会。
7. Completed Action: Verb + 了 (le) | 完成态：动词 + 了
The particle 了 (le) following a verb indicates that an action has been completed. It is not a past tense marker in the English sense; it signals the completion of an action, which may be in the past or future. The structure is Subject + Verb + 了 + Object.
助词 “了” 用在动词后表示动作的完成。它不等同于英语的过去时态，而是强调动作已经完成，可以用于过去或将来。结构是：主语 + 动词 + 了 + 宾语。
Formula: S + V + 了 + O
公式：主语 + 动词 + 了 + 宾语
Example: 我吃了早饭 (Wǒ chī le zǎofàn) – I have eaten breakfast / I ate breakfast. If the object has a modifier or a quantity, 了 is still placed right after the verb: 我买了两本书 (Wǒ mǎi le liǎng běn shū) – I bought two books. Negation uses 没 (méi) and drops 了: 我没吃早饭 (Wǒ méi chī zǎofàn) – I didn’t eat breakfast.
例子：我吃了早饭。如果宾语有修饰语或数量，了仍紧跟动词：我买了两本书。否定式用 “没” 并去掉 “了”：我没吃早饭。
For future completion, you might say 我吃了饭就去 (Wǒ chī le fàn jiù qù) – I will go as soon as I have eaten. This shows 了 can mark completion of the first action before the second one, not absolute past.
将来时也可用 “了”：我吃了饭就去，表示前一动作完成后进行后一动作，不是绝对的过去时间。
8. Past Experience: Verb + 过 (guo) | 过去经历：动词 + 过
While 了 focuses on the completion of an action, the particle 过 (guo) emphasises that someone has experienced an action at least once in the past. It is often translated as ‘have done something before’. The pattern is Subject + Verb + 过 + Object.
“了” 强调动作的完成，而过 (guo) 则着重表示过去至少有过一次某种经历，常翻译为 “曾做过某事”。句型为：主语 + 动词 + 过 + 宾语。
Formula: S + V + 过 + O
公式：主语 + 动词 + 过 + 宾语
Example: 我去过中国 (Wǒ qù guo Zhōngguó) – I have been to China (before). 你看过这部电影吗？(Nǐ kàn guo zhè bù diànyǐng ma?) – Have you ever seen this film? Negation uses 没 + V + 过: 我没吃过法国菜 (Wǒ méi chī guo Fǎguó cài) – I have never eaten French food.
例子：我去过中国。你看过这部电影吗？否定式用 “没 + 动词 + 过”：我没吃过法国菜。
Note the difference: 我吃了那个苹果 (I ate that apple – completed) vs. 我吃过那个苹果 (I have eaten that apple before – experience). In Year 8 writing, use 过 when you talk about life experiences and travels.
注意区别：我吃了那个苹果（动作完成） vs. 我吃过那个苹果（有过经历）。八年级写作中谈个人经历和旅行时多用 “过”。
9. Action in Progress: 在 (zài) + Verb | 动作进行：在 + 动词
To describe an action that is currently happening, place 在 (zài) directly before the main verb. This is similar to the English present continuous tense. You can also combine 正在 (zhèngzài) for emphasis. The full pattern is Subject + (正)在 + Verb (+ Object).
要描述正在发生的动作，把 “在” 直接放在动词前面，类似英语的现在进行时。也可用 “正在” 加强语气。完整结构为：主语 + （正）在 + 动词（+ 宾语）。
Formula: S + 在 / 正在 + V (+ O)
公式：主语 + 在 / 正在 + 动词（+ 宾语）
Example: 我在做功课 (Wǒ zài zuò gōngkè) – I am doing homework. 妈妈在做饭 (Māma zài zuò fàn) – Mum is cooking. 他们正在看电视 (Tāmen zhèngzài kàn diànshì) – They are watching TV right now. Negation uses 没在 or 不在: 我没在睡觉 (W
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