📚 Year 8 Edexcel Statistics: Key Terms & Vocabulary Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 8 Edexcel 统计：关键词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential revision companion for Year 8 Edexcel Statistics. This guide breaks down every key term with clear definitions, concrete examples, and powerful memory tricks. The paired English and Chinese explanations will help you master statistical vocabulary quickly and confidently, whether you are preparing for class tests or building a solid foundation for future studies.
欢迎使用为你准备的 Year 8 Edexcel 统计核心复习指南。本指南用清晰的定义、具体的例子和强大的记忆技巧，拆解每一个关键术语。中英文对照的解释将帮助你快速、自信地掌握统计词汇，无论是备考课堂测验还是为未来的学习打下坚实基础，都将得心应手。
1. Types of Data: Qualitative, Discrete & Continuous | 数据类型：定性数据、离散数据与连续数据
Data comes in different forms. Qualitative data describes qualities or categories, such as eye colour or favourite film genre. Quantitative data is numerical and can be further split into two types: discrete data, which can only take certain values (usually whole numbers from counting), and continuous data, which can take any value within a range and is obtained by measuring.
数据有不同的形式。定性数据描述性质或类别，例如眼睛的颜色或最喜欢的电影类型。定量数据是数值型的，可以进一步分为两类：离散数据，只能取特定值（通常是计数的整数）；连续数据，可以在一个范围内取任意值，并且通过测量获得。
Memory trick: Qualitative = Quality (think of a characteristic you describe). Quantitative = Quantity (a number). Discrete data is Counted (e.g. number of pets: 1, 2, 3…). Continuous data is Measured (e.g. height, mass, time) and lies on a continuous scale.
记忆技巧：定性(Qualitative)联想到“品质 / 性质”，描述特征。定量(Quantitative)联想到“数量”，用数字表示。离散数据是“数出来”的（比如宠物的数量：1、2、3…）。连续数据是“量出来”的（比如身高、质量、时间），存在于连续的标尺上。
2. Primary and Secondary Data | 一手数据与二手数据
Primary data is information you collect yourself for a specific purpose, for example, by conducting a survey or an experiment. Secondary data is information that was collected by someone else for a different purpose, such as data from websites, newspapers or government reports.
一手数据是你自己为了特定目的而收集的信息，例如通过进行调查或实验获得的数据。二手数据是由其他人出于其他目的收集的信息，比如来自网站、报纸或政府报告的数据。
Memory trick: Primary = First-hand (you do the work). Secondary = Second-hand (you use someone else’s work). Think of primary school as your first stage of learning, and secondary school as the next.
记忆技巧：一手(Primary)即“第一手”，你亲自完成。二手(Secondary)即“第二手”，你使用别人的成果。想一想小学(Primary school)是学习的第一阶段，中学(Secondary school)是下一阶段，帮助记忆。
3. Tally Charts and Frequency Tables | 计数符号与频率表
A tally is a quick way of recording data using strokes. Every fifth stroke is drawn diagonally across the previous four to make a group of five (||||). Frequency is simply the total count of how many times something occurs. A frequency table organises data into categories alongside their tally marks and frequencies.
计数符号是一种用划线快速记录数据的方法。每画四条竖线后，第五条斜线穿过前四条，组成一组五条(||||)。频率就是某事物出现的总次数。频率表将数据按类别整理，并列明计数符号和对应的频率。
Memory trick: Tally marks look like a gate with five bars (|||| with a diagonal fifth). Frequency = how frequent the event is. When you finish a tally, you ‘count the fives’ to find the frequency quickly.
记忆技巧：计数符号就像由五根栏杆组成的小门（四条竖线加一条斜对角线）。频率(Frequency)就是事件发生的“频繁”程度。完成计数后，数有多少个“五”，就能快速算出频率。
4. The Mode | 众数
The mode is the value that appears most frequently in a data set. A set of data can have one mode (unimodal), two modes (bimodal) or no mode at all if no value repeats. The mode is the only average that can be used for qualitative data.
众数是一组数据中出现次数最多的值。一组数据可以有一个众数（单峰）、两个众数（双峰），或者如果没有重复值则没有众数。众数是唯一能用于定性数据的平均数。
Memory trick: Mode = Most Often. Both start with ‘Mo’. Think of a fashion model who appears most often on the catwalk.
记忆技巧：众数(Mode)就是“最常出现”的值(Most Often)。两个词都以“莫”音开头。想象一位时装模特(model)在T台上出现的次数最多，她就是众数。
5. The Median | 中位数
The median is the middle value when the data is ordered from smallest to largest. If there is an odd number of values, the median is the exact middle one. If there is an even number of values, the median is the mean of the two middle values.
中位数是将数据从小到大排序后，处于中间位置的值。如果数据个数是奇数，中位数就是正中间的那个数；如果数据个数是偶数，中位数则是中间两个数的平均数。
For odd n: Median = (n + 1) ÷ 2 th term
对于奇数个：中位数 = 第 (n + 1) ÷ 2 个数据
Memory trick: Imagine the median strip on a dual carriageway — it sits right in the middle. The median is not affected by extreme values, so it is a robust measure of centre.
记忆技巧：想象一条双车道公路中间的隔离带(median strip)，它就位于正中央。中位数不受极端值影响，因此是一个非常稳健的中心度量。
6. The Mean | 平均数
The mean is the sum of all data values divided by the number of values. It is commonly called the average and takes every piece of data into account. Because it uses all values, the mean can be heavily influenced by outliers.
平均数是所有数据值的总和除以数据的个数。它通常被称为平均值，并且考虑了每一个数据。由于平均数使用了所有的值，它容易受到异常值（离群值）的强烈影响。
Mean = (Sum of all values) ÷ (Number of values)
平均数 = 所有数据值之和 ÷ 数据的个数
Memory trick: The mean is like ‘sharing equally’ — if you have a total number of sweets, the mean is how many each person gets. It is sometimes called the ‘mean’ average because it can give a distorted picture when there are extreme values.
记忆技巧：平均数就像“公平分享”——如果你有一定总数的糖果，平均数就是每个人分到的数量。有时它被称为“苛刻”的平均值，因为当存在极端值时，它会给出扭曲的印象（mean 也有“刻薄”的意思）。
7. The Range | 极差（全距）
The range is a measure of spread. It tells you how far the data stretches from the smallest to the largest value. It is calculated by subtracting the minimum value from the maximum value. A large range indicates wide variation; a small range indicates that the data are closely bunched together.
极差是一种衡量数据分散程度的指标。它告诉你数据从最小值到最大值的跨度。计算方法是用最大值减去最小值。极差大表示数据波动大；极差小表示数据紧密聚集在一起。
Range = Maximum – Minimum
极差 = 最大值 – 最小值
Memory trick: Think of a mountain range — the distance from the lowest valley to the highest peak. Range is simple but sensitive to outliers, just like the mean.
记忆技巧：想象一条山脉(mountain range)——从最低的山谷到最高峰的距离。极差计算简单，但和平均数一样，容易受异常值的影响。
8. Charts and Graphs for Data Representation | 图表与数据呈现
Different types of graphs are used to display data clearly. A bar chart uses bars of equal width with gaps between them to show the frequency of categorical data. A pictogram uses pictures or symbols to represent a certain number of items — always check the key. A pie chart uses sectors of a circle to show proportions; the angle of each sector is found using the formula: Angle = (Frequency ÷ Total) × 360°. A line graph plots points joined by straight lines, often used to show changes over time. A scatter graph plots paired numerical data as points to show whether there is a relationship between two variables.
不同类型的图形用来清晰地呈现数据。条形图 使用等宽且间隔开的条形来显示分类数据的频率。象形图 使用图片或符号代表一定数量的项目——务必要查看图例。饼图 使用圆中的扇形表示比例；每个扇形的角度根据公式：角度 = (频数 ÷ 总数) × 360° 计算得出。线图 将数据点用直线连接起来，常用于显示随时间变化的趋势。散点图 将成对的数值数据用点绘制出来，以显示两个变量之间是否存在关系。
Memory trick: Bar chart: bars separated like city blocks. Pictogram: pictures tell the story (a pictogram is a picture‑gram). Pie chart: think of slicing a pie. Line graph: a line linking points shows movement. Scatter graph: points scattered like stars.
记忆技巧：条形图：条形像城市街区一样隔开。象形图：图片讲故事(picture-gram)。饼图：想象切馅饼。线图：用线连结点表现动态。散点图：点像星星一样散布。
9. Basic Probability Terms | 基础概率术语
Probability measures how likely an event is to happen. It is given as a number between 0 (impossible) and 1 (certain), or as a percentage between 0% and 100%. An experiment is a trial or test, an outcome is a possible result, and an event is a set of one or more outcomes. Theoretical probability is calculated by: Probability = (Number of favourable outcomes) ÷ (Total number of possible outcomes).
概率衡量一个事件发生的可能性大小。它的值介于0（不可能）到1（必然）之间，或者用0%到100%的百分数表示。试验 是一次尝试或测试，结果 是一个可能出现的情况，事件 是由一个或多个结果组成的集合。理论概率的计算公式为：概率 = （有利结果的数量）÷ （所有可能结果的总数）。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Probability |
|---|---|---|
| ImpossiblePublished by TutorHao | Year 8 统计 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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