Year 8 OCR Art: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 OCR 艺术：公式定理速查手册

📚 Year 8 OCR Art: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 OCR 艺术：公式定理速查手册

Welcome to the Year 8 OCR Art quick-reference handbook. Here, you will find essential “formulas” and “theorems” that underpin artistic fundamentals, from colour mixing and composition to perspective and proportion. Mastering these principles will help you analyse artworks and create visually compelling pieces with confidence.

欢迎使用 Year 8 OCR 艺术速查手册。这里汇集了支撑艺术基础的重要”公式”与”定理”，涵盖色彩混合、构图、透视和比例。掌握这些原则，将帮助你自信地分析艺术作品并创作出引人入胜的画作。

1. Colour Mixing Formulae | 色彩混合公式

Colour mixing follows predictable “equations” based on primary colours. In traditional painting (RYB model), the primaries are Red, Yellow, and Blue.

色彩混合遵循基于原色的可预测”方程”。在传统绘画（红黄蓝模型）中，原色为红、黄、蓝。

Red + Yellow = Orange

红 + 黄 = 橙
Yellow + Blue = Green

黄 + 蓝 = 绿
Blue + Red = Violet (Purple)

蓝 + 红 = 紫

These secondary colours can be mixed further to create tertiary colours such as Red-Orange (Red + Orange) or Blue-Green (Blue + Green).

这些二次色可进一步混合生成三次色，如红橙（红 + 橙）或蓝绿（蓝 + 绿）。

The “formula” for brown is combining all three primaries: Red + Yellow + Blue = Brown.

棕色的”公式”是混合全部三原色：红 + 黄 + 蓝 = 棕。

Primary 1	Primary 2	Secondary Colour
Red	Yellow	Orange
Yellow	Blue	Green
Blue	Red	Violet

2. The Colour Wheel Theorem | 色环定理

The colour wheel arranges hues in a circle, showing relationships. Complementary colours sit opposite each other (e.g., Red and Green, Blue and Orange, Yellow and Violet). When placed side by side, they create strong contrast and vibrancy.

色环将色相排列成圆形，展示颜色关系。互补色彼此相对（如红与绿、蓝与橙、黄与紫）。当并置时，它们产生强烈对比与活力。

Analogous colours are neighbours on the wheel (e.g., Blue, Blue-Green, Green). They produce a harmonious and soothing effect.

类似色是色环上相邻的颜色（如蓝、蓝绿、绿），营造和谐舒缓的效果。

The “wheel theorem” helps predict harmonious schemes: Triadic colours are evenly spaced (three colours, 120° apart, e.g., Red, Yellow, Blue).

“色环定理”有助于预测和谐配色：三色组均匀分布（三种颜色，间隔120°，如红、黄、蓝）。

Split-complementary is another formula: choose one base colour and the two colours adjacent to its complement. This offers contrast with less tension.

分裂互补是另一公式：选一个基色，以及其互补色两侧的两种颜色，可获得对比但张力较弱的效果。

3. Tints, Shades, and Tones Formula | 色调、阴影与色调度公式

Adding White to a pure hue creates a Tint. Adding Black creates a Shade. Adding Grey (Black + White) creates a Tone.

在纯色中加白色形成色调（Tint），加黑色形成阴影（Shade），加灰色（黑+白）形成色调度（Tone）。

Tint Example: Red + White = Pink.

色调示例：红 + 白 = 粉红。

Shade Example: Blue + Black = Navy.

阴影示例：蓝 + 黑 = 藏青。

Tone Example: Yellow + Grey = Muted Yellow.

色调度示例：黄 + 灰 = 浊黄。

This formula helps artists control the value and intensity of colours for depth and mood. A systematic use of tints, shades, and tones creates a cohesive palette.

该公式帮助艺术家控制色彩的明度和强度，营造景深与情绪。有计划地运用色调、阴影和色调度可形成统一调色板。

4. The Rule of Thirds Composition Theorem | 三分法构图定理

Divide an image into nine equal parts using two horizontal and two vertical lines. The four intersection points are “power points” where key elements should be placed for a balanced and dynamic composition.

用两条水平线和两条垂直线将画面分为九等份。四个交叉点是”趣味中心”，关键元素放置于此，可使构图平衡且富有动感。

The mathematical formula: if the image width is W, the vertical lines are at W/3 and 2W/3 from the left. The intersections are at (W/3, H/3), (2W/3, H/3), (W/3, 2H/3), (2W/3, 2H/3).

数学公式：若画面宽为W，垂直线位于左侧W/3和2W/3处。交叉点坐标为(W/3, H/3)、(2W/3, H/3)、(W/3, 2H/3)、(2W/3, 2H/3)。

Applying this theorem prevents placing the subject dead centre, which often results in a static image. Horizons are often placed on the upper or lower third line rather than the centre.

应用此定理可避免将主体置于正中央，那种做法往往导致画面呆板。地平线通常置于上方或下方的三分之一线，而非正中。

5. Golden Ratio in Art | 艺术中的黄金比例

The Golden Ratio (Φ) approximately equals 1.618 : 1. It has been used for centuries to create aesthetically pleasing proportions. The Golden Rectangle, where the ratio of length to width is 1.618, is believed to be inherently beautiful.

黄金比例（Φ）约等于1.618:1。数百年来被用于创造美观的比例。长宽比为1.618的黄金矩形被认为具有天然美感。

A “golden spiral” can be drawn within a golden rectangle, guiding the viewer’s eye. Many famous artworks (e.g., the Parthenon, Leonardo’s Mona Lisa) apply this theorem.

可以在黄金矩形内绘制”黄金螺旋”，引导观者视线。许多著名作品（如帕特农神庙、达芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》）都应用了这一原理。

For composition, the golden ratio can divide the canvas: if the total length is L, the smaller segment is L/Φ, and the larger is L – L/Φ, often close to the rule of thirds. The golden ratio is considered a universal aesthetic formula.

在构图中，黄金比例可分割画布：若总长为L，较短段为L/Φ，较长段为L – L/Φ，常与三分法近似。黄金比例被视为一种普遍的美学公式。

6. Linear Perspective Formulae | 线性透视公式

One-point perspective uses a single vanishing point (VP) on the horizon line. All receding parallel lines converge at this VP.

一点透视在视平线上使用一个消失点（VP）。所有后退的平行线都汇聚于此。

The apparent size of an object is inversely proportional to its distance from the viewer: Apparent Size ∝ 1 / Distance.

物体的表观尺寸与其到观者的距离成反比：表观尺寸 ∝ 1 / 距离。

In two-point perspective, vertical lines remain vertical, while horizontal lines recede to two vanishing points on the horizon, creating a more dynamic spatial illusion.

在两点透视中，垂直线保持垂直，水平

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Year 8 OCR Art: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | Year 8 OCR 艺术：公式定理速查手册