📚 Year 8 SQA Engineering: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Reference Guide | 八年级 SQA 工程词汇术语速记指南
Engineering is all around us, from the bridges we cross to the smartphones we use. This quick reference guide provides concise definitions of essential engineering vocabulary aligned with the SQA Year 8 curriculum. Use it as a revision tool to memorise key terms and their meanings effectively.
工程学无处不在，从我们走过的桥梁到使用的智能手机。这篇速记指南提供了与 SQA 八年级课程相匹配的核心工程词汇简明定义。请将其作为复习工具，有效记忆关键术语及其含义。
1. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force: A push or pull that can change an object’s motion or shape. Measured in newtons (N).
力：能够改变物体运动或形状的推或拉。单位为牛顿 (N)。
Newton (N): The SI unit of force. One newton is the force required to accelerate a 1 kg mass by 1 metre per second squared (m/s²).
牛顿 (N)：力的国际单位。1 牛顿是使 1 千克质量的物体产生 1 米每二次方秒 (m/s²) 加速度所需的力。
Friction: A resistive force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
摩擦力：阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的阻力。
Mass: The amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). Mass is constant regardless of location.
质量：物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克 (kg)。无论位置如何，质量不变。
Weight: The force exerted on a mass due to gravity. Weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g).
重量：由于重力作用在质量上的力。重量 = 质量 × 重力场强度 (W = m × g)。
Acceleration: The rate of change of velocity over time, measured in metres per second squared (m/s²).
加速度：速度随时间的变化率，单位为米每二次方秒 (m/s²)。
2. Structural Elements | 结构构件
Beam: A horizontal structural member designed to resist loads applied perpendicular to its length.
梁：一种水平结构构件，用于承受垂直于其长度方向的载荷。
Column: A vertical structural member that transmits compressive loads from above to the foundation.
柱：竖直结构构件，将上方的压力载荷传至基础。
Truss: A framework of triangles used to distribute loads and provide strength with minimal material.
桁架：由三角形构成的框架，用于分散载荷，以最少材料提供强度。
Cantilever: A beam supported at one end only, projecting outwards to carry a load.
悬臂：仅一端支撑、向外伸出的梁，用于承载载荷。
Dead Load: The permanent, stationary weight of a structure itself, including all fixed components.
恒载：结构自身永久、固定的重量，包括所有固定部件。
Live Load: Temporary or moving loads on a structure, such as people, furniture, or vehicles.
活载：结构上暂时的或移动的载荷，例如人、家具或车辆。
3. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Strength: The ability of a material to withstand an applied force without breaking or deforming permanently.
强度：材料在施加力时不破裂或永久变形的能力。
Stiffness: The resistance of a material to bending or stretching when a force is applied.
刚度：材料受外力时抵抗弯曲或拉伸的能力。
Density: Mass per unit volume (ρ = m/V), indicating how compact the material’s particles are.
密度：单位体积的质量 (ρ = m/V)，表示材料颗粒的紧密程度。
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