📚 Year 8 SQA Maths: Quick Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 八年级SQA数学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of mathematics gives you the power to understand problems, follow methods and explain your reasoning clearly. In SQA Year 8 Maths, a solid grasp of key vocabulary can turn a confusing question into a straightforward task. This guide groups the most important terms by topic, gives simple definitions and suggests memory tricks to help them stick.
掌握数学的语言能帮助你理解题目、遵循解题步骤并清晰地阐述思路。在 SQA 八年级数学中，牢固掌握关键词汇可以把令人困惑的题目变得简单明了。本指南按主题整理最重要的术语，提供简洁的定义，并推荐记忆窍门，让词汇牢牢扎根。
1. Numbers and Place Value | 数字与位值
Place value is the backbone of all number work. Understanding how digits change their meaning according to position will make rounding, estimating and calculating far easier.
位值是所有数字运算的基础。理解数字如何根据位置改变含义，能让四舍五入、估算和计算都容易得多。
Integer: Any whole number, including negatives and zero. Remember ‘integer’ contains ‘intact’ – it is a complete, unbroken number.
整数： 任何完整的数，包括负数和零。把 ‘integer’ 想成 ‘intact’（完整的），它就是一个没有破裂的数。
Place value: The value a digit has because of its column – units, tens, hundreds, tenths, hundredths and so on. Think of a place-value chart as a set of labelled boxes.
位值： 数字因所在列（个位、十位、百位、十分位、百分位等）而具有的数值。把位值表想象成一系列贴了标签的盒子。
Rounding: Replacing a number with a nearby value at a given accuracy. The rhyme ‘Five or more, raise the score; four or less, let it rest’ helps you decide.
四舍五入： 用一个指定精度的近似值代替原数。口诀 ‘五以上进一，四以下舍去’ 帮你做决定。
2. Fractions, Decimals and Percentages | 分数、小数和百分比
These three ways of expressing parts of a whole are interchangeable. Learning to flip between them fluently is essential for proportional reasoning.
这三种表示整体的一部分的方式可以互相转换。熟练地在它们之间切换是比例推理的基础。
Numerator / Denominator: In a fraction, the top number (numerator) tells how many parts you have; the bottom (denominator) tells how many equal parts make the whole. Picture ‘numerator’ as ‘number of parts you have’.
分子 / 分母： 分数中，上面的数（分子）表示你有几份；下面的数（分母）表示整体被分成几等份。可以把 ‘numerator’ 记成 ‘number of parts you have’。
Equivalent fractions: Fractions that look different but have the same value, like 1/2 and 2/4. ‘Equivalent’ means ‘equal value’.
等值分数： 看起来不同但数值相等的分数，比如 1/2 和 2/4。’Equivalent’ 就是 ‘等值’ 的意思。
Percentage: A number out of 100. The symbol % literally means ‘per hundred’. Break ‘percent’ into ‘per’ and ‘cent’ (think century = 100 years).
百分比： 表示百分之几的数。符号 % 字面意思就是 ‘每百’。把 ‘percent’ 拆成 ‘per’ 和 ‘cent’（联想 century 一百年）。
3. Negative Numbers | 负数
Numbers less than zero can feel abstract, but they follow clear rules. Visualising a thermometer or a number line makes operations with negatives much more concrete.
比零小的数可能让人感觉抽象，但它们遵循清晰的规则。在脑海中想象温度计或数轴，能让负数运算具体得多。
Negative number: A number with a minus sign in front, such as –5. It sits to the left of zero on a number line.
负数： 前面带减号的数，比如 –5。它在数轴上位于零的左边。
Directed number: Another name for negative and positive numbers, emphasising the direction from zero.
有向数： 负数和正数的另一个名称，强调从零点出发的方向。
Absolute value: The distance a number is from zero, always positive. The absolute value of –4 is 4. Think of it as the ‘size’ of a number ignoring sign.
绝对值： 一个数离零的距离，总是正数。–4 的绝对值是 4。把它想象成一个数忽略符号的 ‘大小’。
4. Algebraic Expressions | 代数表达式
Algebra is the language of patterns and generalisations. At Year 8, you will write, simplify and substitute into expressions.
代数是描述规律和一般化的语言。在八年级，你将学习写出、化简代数表达式并代入数值。
Variable: A letter that stands for an unknown or changing value, like x or n. Think of it as a ‘varying’ quantity.
变量： 一个表示未知或变化数值的字母，比如 x 或 n。把它记成 ‘varying’（变化的）量。
Coefficient: The number in front of a variable, e.g. in 3y, 3 is the coefficient. It tells you ‘how many’ of that variable.
系数： 变量前面的数字，比如 3y 中，3 是系数。它告诉你这个变量有多少个。
Like terms: Terms with exactly the same variable part, such as 5a and 2a. Only like terms can be added or subtracted. Picture matching shapes that stack together.
同类项： 变量部分完全相同的项，比如 5a 和 2a。只有同类项才能相加或相减。想象成能堆叠在一起的相同形状。
5. Equations and Inequalities | 方程与不等式
Equations show that two expressions are equal, while inequalities show a relationship where one side is larger or smaller. Solving them is like keeping a balance.
方程表示两个表达式相等，而不等式表示一边大于或小于另一边的关系。解它们就像在保持天平平衡。
Equation: A mathematical sentence with an equals sign, such as 2x + 3 = 11. ‘Equa-‘ comes from ‘equal’.
方程： 一个含有等号的数学句子，比如 2x + 3 = 11。’Equation’ 的词根是 ‘equal’。
Inequality: A statement using signs like < (less than), > (greater than), ≤, ≥. The open side of the sign always faces the larger number, like a hungry crocodile.
不等式： 使用 <（小于）、>（大于）、≤、≥ 等符号的句子。开口永远朝向较大的数，就像饥饿的鳄鱼嘴巴。
Solve: To find the value of the unknown that makes the equation or inequality true. Think ‘find the answer that unlocks the puzzle’.
解： 求出让方程或不等式成立的未知数的值。把它想成 ‘找到解开谜题的答案’。
6. Geometry: Lines and Shapes | 几何：线和图形
Geometry gives you a precise vocabulary to describe the world around you. Naming lines, angles and polygons correctly is the first step to measuring and constructing accurately.
几何给你一套精确的词汇来描述周围的世界。正确命名线、角和多边形是准确测量和作图的第一步。
Parallel lines: Lines that never meet, no matter how far extended. They are always the same distance apart. The two letter ‘l’s in ‘parallel’ look like tracks running side by side.
平行线： 无论延伸多远都永不相交的直线，它们之间的距离始终相等。’Parallel’ 中的两个 ‘l’ 就像是并排的铁轨。
Perpendicular: Lines that intersect at a right angle (90°). The symbol is ⊥. Think of a ‘plus’ sign +.
垂直： 相交成直角（90°）的直线，符号为 ⊥。想一想加号 + 的样子。
Polygon: A closed 2D shape with straight sides. ‘Poly’ means many and ‘gon’ means sides, so polygon = many-sided figure.
多边形： 由直线段围成的封闭二维图形。’Poly’ 意为多，’gon’ 意为边，所以 polygon 就是多边图形。
7. Angles | 角
Angles are a measure of turn. Recognising angle types and knowing their properties is vital for shape, construction and reasoning.
角是旋转的度量。识别角的种类并了解其性质对图形、作图和推理至关重要。
Acute angle: An angle between 0° and 90°. ‘Acute’ sounds like ‘a cute’ small angle – imagine a cute little kitten’s ear.
锐角： 介于 0° 和 90° 之间的角。’Acute’ 听起来像 ‘a cute’（可爱的小东西），可以想象一只可爱小猫尖尖的耳朵。
Obtuse angle: An angle between 90° and 180°. ‘Obtuse’ means blunt or dull – it is a wide, lazy angle.
钝角： 介于 90° 和 180° 之间的角。’Obtuse’ 原意是钝的、不锋利的，这是一个又宽又懒洋洋的角。
Reflex angle: An angle between 180° and 360°. It ‘reflects’ back on itself, bending round more than halfway.
优角： 介于 180° 和 360° 之间的角。它好像 ‘反射’ 回来一样，弯过了大半圈。
8. Area, Perimeter and Volume | 面积、周长和体积
Measuring shapes involves length, area and volume. Using the correct units and vocabulary prevents common mistakes.
测量图形涉及长度、面积和体积。使用正确的单位和术语可以避免常见错误。
Perimeter: The total distance around the outside of a 2D shape. Think ‘rim’ inside ‘perimeter’ – the edge you walk around.
周长： 围绕二维图形外部一圈的总长度。’Perimeter’ 里藏着 ‘rim’（边缘）– 你绕着走的边界。
Area: The amount of surface a shape covers, measured in square units (cm², m²). Lift the word apart: ‘a-re-a’ – how much ‘area’ it covers.
面积： 图形覆盖的表面大小，单位为平方单位（cm², m²）。把这个词拆开：’a-re-a’ – 它覆盖的 ‘area’（区域）。
Volume: The space a 3D object takes up, measured in cubic units (cm³, m³). Link to ‘volume’ of music – how much sound fills a room; here, how much ‘stuff’ fills the shape.
体积： 三维物体占据的空间大小，单位为立方单位（cm³, m³）。与音乐的 ‘音量’（volume）联系 – 音量指声音充满房间的大小；这里指物质充满形状的多少。
9. Symmetry and Transformations | 对称与变换
Symmetry describes balance, while transformations describe movement. These terms help you reflect, rotate and translate shapes with precision.
对称描述平衡，而变换描述运动。这些术语帮助你精确地进行图形的反射、旋转和平移。
Line symmetry: A shape has line symmetry if it can be folded along a line so that both halves match exactly. The fold line is called a line of symmetry. ‘Symmetry’ means ‘same measure’.
线对称： 如果一个图形沿着某条直线对折后，两部分完全重合，它就具有线对称。这条折线称为对称轴。’Symmetry’ 的意思是 ‘相同的度量’。
Rotation: Turning a shape around a fixed point. The centre of rotation stays still while the rest spins. Imagine a spinning wheel.
旋转： 围绕一个固定点转动图形。旋转中心保持不动，其余部分绕着转。想象一个旋转的轮子。
Translation: Sliding a shape without turning or flipping. Every point moves the same distance in the same direction. ‘Trans-‘ means across, and ‘lation’ relates to carrying – you carry the shape across the page.
平移： 不旋转不翻转地滑动图形。每个点都朝相同方向移动相同的距离。’Trans-‘ 表示跨越，’lation’ 与搬运有关 – 你把图形搬到页面另一边。
10. Statistics | 统计
Statistics is about collecting, organising and interpreting data. The vocabulary of averages and charts helps you draw meaningful conclusions.
统计是收集、整理和解释数据。掌握平均数和图表的词汇能帮助你得出有意义的结论。
Mean: The sum of all data values divided by the number of values. It is the ‘fair share’ average. Think ‘mean people take everything and share it out equally’.
平均数（均值）： 所有数据值的总和除以数据个数。它是 ‘平均分配’ 的平均值。联想一下：’mean’ 也有吝啬的意思，但这里的 mean 是把所有东西拿来平均分享。
Median: The middle value when data is ordered from smallest to largest. ‘Median’ sounds like ‘middle’ with a ‘d’.
中位数： 将数据从小到大排序后中间的值。’Median’ 听起来像中间（middle）带了个 ‘d’。
Mode: The value that appears most often. ‘Mode’ and ‘most’ both start with ‘mo’.
众数： 出现频率最高的值。’Mode’ 和 ‘最多’（most）都以 ‘mo’ 开头。
11. Probability | 概率
Probability measures how likely an event is to happen. The language of chance ranges from impossible to certain, and can be expressed as a fraction, decimal or percentage.
概率衡量一个事件发生的可能性大小。表示可能性的词语从不可能到必然，可以用分数、小数或百分比表达。
Outcome: A possible result of a probability experiment, such as getting a head when flipping a coin. ‘Outcome’ is what comes out of the trial.
结果： 概率实验的一个可能结果，比如抛硬币得到正面。’Outcome’ 就是试验中出来的那个结果。
Event: A set of one or more outcomes that you are interested in, like rolling an even number on a dice.
事件： 一个或一组你感兴趣的结果，例如掷骰子掷出偶数。
Sample space: The list of all possible outcomes. Think of it as the complete menu from which results can be picked.
样本空间： 所有可能结果的清单。可以把它想象成一份完整的菜单，所有结果都从里面出。
Probability scale: A line from 0 (impossible) to 1 (certain). The probability of any event sits somewhere on this scale. Use the phrase ‘0 to 1 chance’.
概率尺度： 一条从 0（不可能）到 1（必然）的线段。任何事件的概率都落在这一尺度上。记住 ‘0 到 1 的机会’。
Published by TutorHao | Mathematics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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