📚 Year 8 SQA Science: Quick Memorisation Guide for Vocabulary & Terminology | Year 8 SQA 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for success in Year 8 SQA Science. Without a solid understanding of key terms, you may struggle to follow lessons, answer exam questions accurately, and explain scientific concepts clearly. This guide provides effective strategies to help you memorise and use science terminology with confidence.
掌握科学词汇对于 Year 8 SQA 科学的成功至关重要。如果对关键术语没有扎实的理解，你可能会在跟上课程、准确答题和清晰解释科学概念方面遇到困难。本指南提供有效的策略，帮助你自信地记忆和运用科学术语。
1. Why Memorise Science Vocabulary? | 为何要记忆科学词汇？
Science has its own language. Just like learning a foreign language, understanding key terms allows you to access new knowledge and communicate ideas effectively. In exams, many marks depend on using the correct terminology.
科学有其独特的语言。就像学习外语一样，理解关键术语能让你获取新知识，并有效地交流想法。在考试中，许多分数都取决于能否使用正确的术语。
For example, saying ‘the plant makes food’ is vague, but stating ‘the plant carries out photosynthesis’ shows precise scientific knowledge.
例如，说“植物制造食物”是模糊的，但表述“植物进行光合作用”展示了精确的科学知识。
Furthermore, memorising vocabulary early builds a strong foundation for future science courses.
此外，尽早记忆词汇能为未来的科学课程打下坚实基础。
2. Word Roots, Prefixes and Suffixes | 词根、前缀与后缀
Many science words are built from Greek and Latin roots. Recognising these parts helps you decode unfamiliar terms.
许多科学词汇来自希腊语和拉丁语词根。识别这些词素有助于你解读不熟悉的术语。
Prefix ‘photo-‘ means light, as in photosynthesis and phototropism.
前缀 ‘photo-‘ 意为光，如 photosynthesis（光合作用）和 phototropism（向光性）。
Suffix ‘-logy’ means the study of, as in biology (study of life) and geology (study of Earth).
后缀 ‘-logy’ 意为……学，如 biology（生物学）和 geology（地质学）。
Prefix ‘therm-‘ relates to heat, found in thermal and thermometer.
前缀 ‘therm-‘ 与热相关，见于 thermal（热的）和 thermometer（温度计）。
Prefix ‘bio-‘ means life; ‘a-‘ or ‘an-‘ means without (e.g., anaerobic). ‘Mono-‘ means one, ‘di-‘ two, ‘poly-‘ many.
前缀 ‘bio-‘ 意为生命；’a-‘ 或 ‘an-‘ 表示无（如 anaerobic 厌氧的）。’Mono-‘ 意为单一，’di-‘ 二，’poly-‘ 多。
Learning these building blocks makes recalling definitions much easier.
学习这些构词模块使得回忆定义变得容易得多。
3. Essential Physics Terminology | 必备物理术语
Force: a push or pull that can change an object’s motion. Measured in newtons (N).
力（Force）：能改变物体运动状态的推或拉。单位为牛顿（N）。
Mass: the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg). It does not change with location.
质量（Mass）：物体所含物质的多少，单位为千克（kg）。不随位置变化。
Weight: the force of gravity acting on an object, measured in newtons. It changes depending on gravity.
重量（Weight）：作用在物体上的重力，单位为牛顿。随重力大小而改变。
Friction: a force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
摩擦力（Friction）：阻碍两个接触面相对运动的力。
Energy: the ability to do work, measured in joules (J). Exists as kinetic, potential, thermal, etc.
能量（Energy）：做功的能力，单位为焦耳（J）。存在动能、势能、热能等形式。
Gravity: a force of attraction between masses. On Earth, it gives objects weight.
重力（Gravity）：物体之间的吸引力。在地球上，它赋予物体重量。
4. Essential Chemistry Terminology | 必备化学术语
Atom: the smallest particle of an element that can take part in a chemical reaction.
原子（Atom）：能参与化学反应的元素最小微粒。
Element: a substance made up of only one type of atom, found on the Periodic Table.
元素（Element）：仅由一种原子组成的物质，列于元素周期表中。
Compound: a substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together, e.g., H₂O.
化合物（Compound）：两种或多种元素通过化学键结合形成的物质，例如 H₂O。
Molecule: a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a compound.
分子（Molecule）：一组键合在一起的原子，代表化合物的最小单元。
Mixture: two or more substances physically combined, not chemically bonded, can be separated easily.
混合物（Mixture）：两种或多种物质物理混合，未发生化学键合，易于分离。
pH scale: measures how acidic or alkaline a solution is, from 0 (acidic) to 14 (alkaline), with 7 neutral.
pH 标度：衡量溶液酸碱度，范围 0（酸性）到 14（碱性），7 为中性。
Chemical reaction: a process where reactants are transformed into new products, often with energy change.
化学反应（Chemical reaction）：反应物转化为新产物的过程，常伴随能量变化。
5. Essential Biology Terminology | 必备生物术语
Cell: the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
细胞（Cell）：所有生物体结构和功能的基本单位。
Nucleus: the control centre of a cell, containing genetic material (DNA).
细胞核（Nucleus）：细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质（DNA）。
Cytoplasm: jelly-like substance inside a cell where chemical reactions occur.
细胞质（Cytoplasm）：细胞内的胶状物质，化学反应在此发生。
Photosynthesis: the process by which plants make food using light energy, carbon dioxide and water, producing glucose and oxygen.
光合作用（Photosynthesis）：植物利用光能、二氧化碳和水制造养分，产生葡萄糖和氧气的过程。
Respiration: a chemical reaction that releases energy from glucose, occurring in all living cells.
呼吸作用（Respiration）：从葡萄糖中释放能量的化学反应，发生在所有活细胞中。
Adaptation: a feature that helps an organism survive in its environment.
适应性（Adaptation）：帮助生物在其环境中生存的特征。
Ecosystem: a community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.
生态系统（Ecosystem）：生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的整体。
6. Scientific Investigation Terms | 科学探究术语
Aim: a clear statement of what you intend to investigate.
目的（Aim）：清楚说明你打算探究什么。
Hypothesis: an educated prediction about the outcome of an experiment.
假设（Hypothesis）：对实验结果的有根据的预测。
Variable: any factor that can change in an experiment. The independent variable is what you change; the dependent variable is what you measure; controlled variables are kept the same.
变量（Variable）：实验中可改变的任何因素。自变量是你改变的，因变量是你测量的，控制变量保持相同。
Method: a step-by-step list of how to carry out the investigation.
方法（Method）：如何实施探究的逐步操作列表。
Observation: recording what you see, hear or measure, often using instruments.
观察（Observation）：记录你看到、听到或测量的内容，常使用仪器。
Conclusion: a summary of what you found out, relating back to the hypothesis.
结论（Conclusion）：对你所发现结果的总结，与假设相联系。
Data: information collected during an experiment, which can be qualitative or quantitative.
数据（Data）：实验期间收集的信息，可以是定性或定量的。
7. Memory Techniques for Science Words | 科学词汇记忆技巧
Use mnemonics: creating catchy phrases can help recall lists. For example, ‘MRS GREN’ helps remember life processes: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition.
使用记忆术：编造上口的短语有助于记忆列表。例如 ‘MRS GREN’ 帮助记住生命活动：运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养。
Draw visual flashcards: write a term on one side and its meaning plus a sketch on the other. Combine words with images.
绘制视觉闪卡：一面写术语，另一面写含义并画简图。将文字与图像结合。
Use the ‘Feynman Technique’: teach the term to a friend or a rubber duck in simple language.
使用“费曼技巧”：用简单的语言向朋友或橡皮鸭解释术语。
Create word associations: link the term to something familiar. For ‘photos
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