📚 Year 8 SQA Sociology: Key Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Study Guide | Year 8 SQA 社会学：核心词汇术语速记指南
Learning sociology involves getting to grips with new words and concepts. This quick study guide presents key terms for your Year 8 SQA course, with simple definitions and examples to help you memorise them effectively. Each term is explained in both English and Chinese to support your understanding.
学习社会学需要掌握许多新的词汇和概念。这份速记指南为您整理了 Year 8 SQA 课程的核心术语，配有简单的定义和例子，帮助您高效记忆。每个术语都提供英中双语解释，以加深理解。
1. Society and Community | 社会与社区
A society is a large group of people who live in a defined territory, share a common culture, and are subject to the same political authority. Scottish society includes everyone living in Scotland under its laws and institutions.
社会是生活在特定地域、共享共同文化并受同一政治权威管辖的一大群人。苏格兰社会包括所有在苏格兰法律和制度下生活的人。
A community is a smaller group of people who have a sense of belonging and often share a geographical area, interests, or identity. Your school form group or local neighbourhood is a community.
社区是一群有归属感的人，通常共享地理区域、兴趣或身份。你的学校班级或地方邻里就是一个社区。
A social institution is an organised system of social relationships that fulfills essential functions in society. Examples include the family, the education system, and the legal system.
社会制度是有组织的社会关系系统，在社会中履行重要功能。例如家庭、教育制度和法律制度。
2. Culture, Norms and Values | 文化、规范与价值观
Culture refers to the whole way of life of a society: its language, beliefs, norms, values, customs, clothing, food, and art. Scottish culture includes ceilidh dancing, haggis, and bagpipes.
文化指一个社会的整个生活方式：语言、信仰、规范、价值观、习俗、服饰、食物和艺术。苏格兰文化包括凯利舞、哈吉斯和风笛。
Norms are the unwritten rules that guide behaviour in specific situations. Saying ‘please’ and ‘thank you’ is a social norm that children are taught from a young age.
规范是指导特定情境下行为的潜规则。说“请”和“谢谢”就是从小学起的社会规范。
Values are deeply held beliefs about what is right, good and desirable. Fairness, equality, and respect are widely shared values in Scottish society.
价值观是关于什么是正当、良好和值得拥有的深层信念。公平、平等和尊重是苏格兰社会广泛共有的价值观。
3. Socialisation | 社会化
Socialisation is the lifelong process through which individuals learn the culture of their society and develop a sense of self. It happens through daily interactions with others.
社会化是一个终身过程，个人通过与他人的日常互动学习社会文化并形成自我意识。
Primary socialisation takes place in early childhood, mainly within the family. Here children learn basic language, norms, and how to behave around others.
初级社会化发生在幼儿期，主要在家庭中进行。儿童在此学习基本的语言、规范以及如何与他人相处。
Secondary socialisation occurs later through agencies like schools, peer groups, and the media. It teaches the skills and values needed for life in wider society.
次级社会化在之后通过学校、同伴群体和媒体等机构发生。它教授在更广泛社会生活中所需的技能和价值观。
Agents of socialisation are the individuals, groups and institutions that carry out socialisation. Key agents include the family, education system, peer group, mass media, and, for some, religion.
社会化主体是执行社会化的个人、群体和制度。主要主体包括家庭、教育系统、同伴群体、大众媒体，对一些人来说还包括宗教。
4. Roles and Status | 角色与地位
A status is a social position a person occupies. An ascribed status is assigned at birth or involuntarily later in life, such as being a daughter or a teenager. An achieved status is gained through effort, choice, or competition, like becoming a prefect or team captain.
地位是一个人占据的社会位置。先赋地位是出生时或以后非自愿获得的，如作为女儿或青少年。自致地位是通过努力、选择或竞争获得的，如成为级长或队长。
A role is the set of expected behaviours attached to a particular status. The role of a student includes doing homework, asking questions, and respecting school rules.
角色是与特定地位相联的一套预期行为。学生角色包括做作业、提问和遵守校规。
Role conflict occurs when a person faces incompatible demands from two or more statuses they hold. For example, a student who also works part-time may struggle to balance homework deadlines with work shifts.
角色冲突发生在一个人所拥有的两个或多个地位之间存在相互矛盾的要求时。例如，同时兼职的学生可能会在作业截止日期和工作班次之间难以平衡。
5. Family and Household | 家庭与住户
A family is a group of people related by blood, marriage, or adoption who often live together and share a common home. A nuclear family consists of two parents and their children.
家庭是由血缘、婚姻或收养关系联系起来的一群人，通常住在一起并共享一个家。核心家庭由父母和子女组成。
An extended family includes relatives beyond the nuclear family, such as grandparents, aunts, and uncles, who may live nearby or in the same household.
扩展家庭包括核心家庭以外的亲属，如祖父母、阿姨、叔叔，他们可能住在附近或同一住所。
A lone-parent family (or single-parent family) is headed by one parent raising children on their own. This family form is becoming more common across Scotland.
单亲家庭由一位家长独自抚养孩子。这种家庭形式在苏格兰各地越来越常见。
A household is either one person living alone or a group of people living together and sharing domestic arrangements. Not all households are families — flatmates sharing a house form a household but are not necessarily related.
住户指独自居住或共同居住并共同安排家务的一群人。并非所有住户都是家庭——合租公寓的室友构成一个住户，但不一定有亲属关系。
6. Education and Schooling | 教育与学校教育
Formal education is the structured learning that takes place in schools, colleges and universities, following a set curriculum. In Scotland, this leads to qualifications like National 5s and Highers.
正规教育是在学校、学院和大学中进行的结构化学习，遵循既定课程。在苏格兰，这会导向 National 5 和 Higher 等资格证书。
The hidden curriculum refers to the informal, unplanned lessons learned at school, such as obedience to authority, punctuality, and competition. These are not written in textbooks but shape behaviour.
隐形课程指在学校中学到的非正式、非计划的东西，如服从权威、守时和竞争。这些内容不写在教科书里，却塑造着行为。
A peer group is a social group whose members share similar interests, age, and status. Your friendship circle at school is a peer group, and it strongly influences your attitudes, fashion, and language.
同伴群体是成员有相似兴趣、年龄和地位的社会群体。你在学校的朋友圈就是一个同伴群体，它对你的态度、时尚和语言有很大影响。
7. Media and Technology | 媒体与科技
Mass media refers to platforms that communicate information to large audiences, such as television, radio, newspapers, websites, and social media apps like Instagram and TikTok.
大众媒体指向大量受众传播信息的平台，如电视、广播、报纸、网站以及 Instagram 和 TikTok 等社交媒体应用。
Digital natives are people who have grown up with digital technology and are comfortable using the internet, smartphones, and social media. Most Year 8 students are digital natives.
数字原住民指与数字技术一同成长，自如使用互联网、智能手机和社交媒体的人。大多数 Year 8 学生是数字原住民。
Media literacy is the ability to critically analyse and evaluate media content, recognising how messages can be biased or influenced by advertisers and political interests.
媒介素养是批判性地分析和评估媒体内容的能力，认识到信息如何受到偏见或广告商
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