Year 8 WJEC Business: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 八年级WJEC商务：关键术语速记指南

📚 Year 8 WJEC Business: Key Terms Memorisation Guide | 八年级WJEC商务：关键术语速记指南

Welcome to your fast-track revision guide for Year 8 WJEC Business Studies. Mastering vocabulary is the first step to understanding how businesses work. This article explains each key term clearly, pairs it with a simple memory trick, and follows up with a Chinese explanation to support bilingual learners. Let’s dive into the language of business and build your confidence for class tests and beyond.

欢迎来到八年级WJEC商务的快速复习指南。掌握词汇是理解企业运作的第一步。本文清晰地解释每个关键术语，搭配简单的记忆技巧，并附上中文解释，以支持双语学习者。让我们一起走进商业语言的世界，为课堂测验和更远的学习建立信心。

1. Enterprise and Entrepreneur | 企业与企业家

Enterprise is about spotting opportunities, taking risks, and providing goods or services that customers want. An entrepreneur is the person who creates and runs a business, accepting financial risk in the hope of making a profit. Memory trick: ‘Enter’ means to go in, and an entrepreneur enters a new venture. Think of well-known entrepreneurs like Levi Roots, who turned a family recipe into a successful brand. If you enjoy solving problems and being your own boss, you might have an enterprising spirit.

企业是指发现机会、承担风险并提供顾客所需的商品或服务。企业家是创办并经营企业的人，他们承担财务风险以期获利。记忆技巧：“Enter”意为进入，企业家就是踏入新冒险的人。想想著名企业家Levi Roots，他把家庭食谱变成了一个成功的品牌。如果你喜欢解决问题并成为自己的老板，你可能就具有企业精神。

2. Profit and Revenue | 利润与收入

Revenue is the total money a business earns from selling its products or services; it is often called turnover. Profit is the money left after all costs have been deducted from revenue. The simple equation is: Profit = Revenue − Total Costs. If a shop has revenue of £10,000 and its costs are £7,500, profit is £2,500. When costs are higher than revenue, the business makes a loss. Remember: ‘Revenue is top line, profit is bottom line.’ Profit puts the happy in your pocket!

收入是一家企业通过销售产品或服务所获得的总金额，常称为营业额。利润是收入扣除了全部成本后剩余的钱。简单公式为：利润 = 收入 − 总成本。如果一家商店收入为10000英镑，成本为7500英镑，利润就是2500英镑。当成本高于收入时，企业就发生亏损。请记住：“收入是顶线，利润是底线。”利润让你的口袋真正开心！

3. Types of Costs | 成本类型

Costs in business can be split into fixed costs and variable costs. Fixed costs stay the same no matter how much you produce, such as monthly rent and managers’ salaries. Variable costs change directly with the number of items produced, like raw materials and packaging. Total costs = Fixed costs + Variable costs. Knowing this helps you calculate the break-even point. Visualise fixed costs as a flat line on a graph and variable costs as a line sloping upward as output increases.

商业中的成本可以分为固定成本和变动成本。固定成本无论产量多少都保持不变，例如月租金和管理人员工资。变动成本则随产品数量的变化而直接变化，比如原材料和包装。总成本 = 固定成本 + 变动成本。了解这一点有助于你计算盈亏平衡点。想象固定成本在图上是一条水平线，变动成本则是一条随着产量增加而上升的斜线。

4. Marketing Mix (The 4Ps) | 市场营销组合（4P）

The marketing mix represents four key elements a business can control to meet customer needs: Product, Price, Promotion and Place. Product is the actual good or service sold. Price is how much customers pay. Promotion covers advertising, social media and special offers. Place describes how the product reaches customers, such as a high street shop, an online store or a delivery app. Use the silly phrase ‘Please Pass the Party Pickles’ to remember the order: P for Product, P for Price, P for Promotion, P for Place.

市场营销组合代表了企业可以控制的四个关键要素，以满足顾客需求：产品、价格、促销和渠道。产品是实际出售的商品或服务。价格是顾客支付多少。促销包括广告、社交媒体和特价优惠。渠道描述了产品如何到达顾客，如商业街店铺、网店或外卖应用。用一个好玩的句子“请递下派对酸黄瓜”来记忆顺序，它们都以P开头：产品、价格、促销、渠道。

5. Market Research | 市场调研

Market research is collecting and analysing information about customers, competitors and market trends. Primary research means gathering brand-new data yourself, for example by running a questionnaire or interviewing people face-to-face. Secondary research uses existing data published by others, such as government statistics, industry reports or credible internet articles. A quick way to recall the difference: Primary research is first-hand, you are the pioneer; secondary research is second-hand, you are using someone else’s findings.

市场调研是收集并分析关于顾客、竞争者和市场趋势的信息。一手调研意味着自己收集全新的数据，例如通过问卷调查或面对面访谈。二手调研使用的是他人已发布的数据，比如政府统计数据、行业报告或可靠的网络文章。快速区分二者：一手调研是亲历亲为，你是先锋；二手调研是现成的，你用的是别人的发现。

6. Business Ownership Types | 企业所有权类型

Businesses can be owned and structured in several ways. A sole trader is one person running the business alone; they keep all profits but have unlimited liability, meaning personal assets could be at risk. A partnership has 2 to 20 owners who share responsibilities, skills and financial risks. A private limited company, often shown as Ltd, is a separate legal entity from its shareholders; owners have limited liability, so they only lose the money they invested. Memory bites: Sole = alone; Partner = shared; Ltd = limited risk and limited loss.

企业可以通过多种方式拥有和构建。个体经营者是一个人独自经营企业；他们保留全部利润，但承担无限责任，这意味着个人资产可能面临风险。合伙企业有2到20名所有者，他们分担责任、技能与财务风险。私人有限公司常以Ltd表示，是与股东分离的独立法律实体；所有者承担有限责任，因此他们最多只会损失掉已投入的资金。一口记忆法：Sole=独行；Partner=共享；Ltd=有限风险与损失。

7. Business Plan | 商业计划

A business plan is a detailed document describing what a business aims to do and how it will succeed. Typical sections include the business idea, market research, marketing strategy, operations, team, financial forecasts and potential risks. Entrepreneurs often use it to secure loans or investment. Think of a business plan as a road map—it guides decisions and keeps you on track. Mnemonic: BPLAN can stand for Blueprint for Progress, Launch and Navigation.

商业计划是一份详细文件，描述了企业的目标以及如何取得成功。典型的部分包括商业构思、市场调研、营销策略、运营、团队、财务预测和潜在风险。企业家经常用它来获得贷款或投资。把商业计划想象成路线图——它指导决策并让你不偏离轨道。助记法：BPLAN可代表蓝图(B)、进展(P)、启动(L)与导航(AN)。

8. Cash Flow | 现金流

Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business over time. Inflows come from sales, loans or investors; outflows are payments for wages, stock, rent and equipment. Positive cash flow means more money is coming in than going out. A business can be profitable but still fail if it runs out of cash. This is why people say: ‘Revenue is vanity, profit is sanity, but cash is king.’ Remember, cash keeps the lights on.

现金流是资金在一定时间内进出企业的流动。流入来自销售、贷款或投资者；流出是支付工资、库存、租金和设备的款项。正现金流意味着进账多于出账。即使企业账面盈利，如果现金耗尽也可能失败。这就是为什么人们说：“收入是虚荣，利润是理智，但现金是王道。”记住，现金让灯亮着。

9. Budgeting | 预算

A budget is a financial plan for a future period, showing expected income and planned expenses. Businesses use budgets to control spending and spot problems early. A variance is the difference between the budgeted figure and what actually happens. If spending is higher than planned, the variance is adverse; if better, it is favourable. Think of a budget like a spending plan—you decide where your money goes before it disappears. Memory phrase: ‘Budget your money before it budgets you.’

预算是为未来一段时期制定的财务计划，显示预期收入与计划支出。企业利用预算来控制开支并尽早发现问题。偏差是指预算数字与实际发生的数字之间的差额。若支出高于计划，偏差为不利；反之则为有利。把预算想象成开支指南——在钱消失之前决定好它的去向。记忆短语：“在钱为你做预算之前，你为钱做预算。”

10. Break-Even | 盈亏平衡点

Break-even is the point where total revenue exactly equals total costs—the business is neither making a profit nor a loss. The formula is:

Break-even (units) = Total Fixed Costs ÷ (Selling Price per unit − Variable Cost per unit)

For example, if fixed costs are £2,000, selling price is £10 and variable cost per unit is £6, then break-even = 2,000 ÷ (10 − 6) = 500 units. After selling 500 units, every extra sale adds to profit. Picture break-even as the exact moment a seesaw balances perfectly.

盈亏平衡点是总收入恰好等于总成本的那一点——企业既不盈利也不亏损。公式为：

盈亏平衡点（单位） = 总固定成本 ÷（单位售价 − 单位变动成本）

例如，若固定成本为2000英镑，单位售价10英镑，单位变动成本6英镑，则盈亏平衡点 = 2000 ÷（10 − 6）= 500件。卖出500件后，每额外销售一件都会增加利润。将盈亏平衡想象成跷跷板完美平衡的那一刻。

11. Demand and Supply | 需求与供给

Demand is how much of a product consumers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Supply is how much producers are willing to offer. Generally, when price rises, demand falls and supply rises. The equilibrium price occurs where demand equals supply. Think of demand as a diving platform: the higher the price, the further the quantity demanded dives down. Memory aid: Demand goes Down when price goes Up.

需求是消费者在不同价格上愿意且能够购买的产品数量。供给是生产者愿意提供的数量。通常，价格上升时，需求下降而供给上升。均衡价格发生在需求等于供给的价格点上。把需求想象成跳水台：价格越高，需求量就跳得越低。记忆助手：价格向上(Up)时，需求向下(Down)。

12. Competition | 竞争

Competition is the rivalry between businesses trying to win customers. Direct competition happens when companies sell very similar products (for example, Nike vs Adidas). Indirect competition occurs between substitute products that satisfy the same need, like tea and coffee. To succeed, a business must identify its unique selling point (USP)—something special that makes customers choose it over rivals. Mnemonic: Competition = Contest; USP = Your secret sauce.

竞争是企业间为赢得顾客而展开的比拼。直接竞争发生在销售非常相似产品的公司之间（例如Nike与Adidas）。间接竞争则发生在可满足同一需求的替代品之间，如茶与咖啡。为了成功，企业必须找到自己的独特卖点(USP)——某种让顾客在众多对手中选择它的特别之处。记忆法：竞争即比试；USP就是你的秘密配方。

Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com

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