📚 Year 8 WJEC Business: Summer Prep & Transition Course | Year 8 WJEC 商务：暑期预习与衔接课程
Welcome to your summer preparation journey for Year 8 WJEC Business. This course is designed to bridge the gap between primary school knowledge and the exciting world of business studies, introducing essential concepts in a clear and engaging way. By working through these materials over the summer, you will build a strong foundation, gain confidence and arrive ready to excel in your first business lessons.
欢迎开启 Year 8 WJEC 商务的暑期预习之旅。本课程旨在衔接小学知识与充满魅力的商务学习，以清晰、有趣的方式引入核心概念。通过暑期学习这些内容，你将打下扎实基础、增强信心，在第一节商务课上就能脱颖而出。
1. What is Business? | 什么是商务？
A business is any organisation that provides goods or services to satisfy the needs and wants of customers, usually with the aim of making a profit. Businesses can range from a small local bakery to a huge multinational technology company.
商务是指任何为满足顾客需要和欲望而提供商品或服务的组织，通常以盈利为目标。企业形式多样，从本地的小型烘焙店到庞大的跨国科技公司都可以称为商务。
Businesses do not only exist to make money. Many social enterprises and charities operate just like businesses but use their surplus to support a cause. Understanding this variety helps you see how business affects everyday life.
企业并非只为了赚钱。许多社会企业和慈善机构像企业一样运作，但将盈余用于支持某项事业。了解这种多样性有助于你认识到商务如何影响日常生活。
The study of business includes topics such as finance, marketing, operations and human resources. In Year 8, you will be introduced to the basics of each area and learn how they connect to create a successful enterprise.
商务学习包括财务、市场营销、运营和人力资源等主题。在 Year 8，你将初步了解各领域的基础知识，并学习它们如何相互配合成就一个成功的企业。
2. Understanding Needs and Wants | 理解需要与欲望
A need is something essential for survival, such as food, water, shelter and clothing. A want is an item or experience that makes life more comfortable or enjoyable but is not necessary for survival, like a video game or a holiday abroad.
需要是生存所必需的，如食物、水、住所和衣物。欲望则是让生活更舒适或更愉快的物品或体验，但对生存并非必不可少，比如电子游戏或出国度假。
Businesses identify customer needs and wants to decide what to produce. Basic food companies focus on needs, while luxury brands and entertainment firms cater mainly to wants. Recognising the difference helps entrepreneurs target the right market.
企业识别顾客的需要和欲望，以决定生产什么。基础食品公司专注于需要，而奢侈品牌和娱乐公司主要满足欲望。认清这种区别有助于创业者瞄准正确的市场。
Sometimes a product can satisfy both a need and a want. For example, a warm winter coat is a need in cold weather, but a designer coat with a famous logo also fulfils a want for status. Businesses often blend the two to increase appeal.
有时一种产品可同时满足需要和欲望。例如，一件保暖的冬衣在寒冷天气中是必需品，但带有名牌标志的设计款也能满足人们对地位的欲望。企业常常结合二者以增强吸引力。
3. Goods and Services | 商品与服务
Goods are tangible items that you can see and touch, such as smartphones, trainers or chocolate bars. Services are intangible actions provided by people or machines, like haircuts, bus journeys or online streaming subscriptions.
商品是看得见、摸得着的有形物品，比如智能手机、运动鞋或巧克力棒。服务是由人或机器提供的无形活动，如理发、公交车出行或在线流媒体订阅。
Many businesses offer a combination of goods and services. A restaurant provides the service of cooking and serving but also the tangible goods, which are the meals on your plate. Understanding this mixture is key to analysing modern business models.
许多企业同时提供商品和服务的组合。餐厅提供烹饪上菜的服务，也有摆在餐盘里的有形商品。理解这种混合形式是分析现代商业模式的关键。
| Goods | 商品 | Services | 服务 |
|---|---|
| Tangible (can be touched) / 有形的 | Intangible (cannot be touched) / 无形的 |
| Can be stored and owned / 可储存并拥有 | Consumed at the point of delivery / 在提供时消费 |
| Examples: books, bicycles, fruit / 书籍、自行车、水果 | Examples: medical check-ups, education, transport / 体检、教育、运输 |
4. The Role of Entrepreneurs | 企业家的角色
An entrepreneur is a person who takes a risk to start and run a new business. They spot opportunities, gather resources and organise production to bring a new idea to the market. Famous entrepreneurs like Steve Jobs or local shop founders all share this spirit.
企业家是承担风险创办并经营新企业的人。他们发现机会、整合资源并组织生产，将新创意推向市场。像史蒂夫·乔布斯这样的知名企业家或本地小店的创始人，都拥有这种精神。
Entrepreneurs are often motivated by more than just profit. Many want to solve a problem, be their own boss or make a difference in their community. This drive pushes innovation and creates jobs that benefit the whole economy.
企业家的动机往往不只是利润。许多人希望解决某个问题、做自己的老板，或在社区中有所作为。这种动力推动创新，创造就业机会，惠及整个经济。
Enterprise skills include creativity, resilience, communication and financial literacy. Year 8 students can develop these skills by taking part in mini-enterprise challenges, thinking of new product ideas and learning how to budget pocket money.
创业技能包括创造力、坚韧性、沟通能力和财务素养。Year 8 学生可以通过参与小型创业挑战、构思新产品创意以及学习如何规划零用钱来培养这些技能。
5. Business Resources | 商业资源
Every business needs four main types of resources, often called the factors of production: land, labour, capital and enterprise. Land includes natural resources like water, oil and land itself. Labour refers to the workforce and their skills.
每个企业都需要四种主要资源，通常称为生产要素：土地、劳动力、资本和企业家才能。土地包括水、石油和土地本身等自然资源。劳动力指员工及其技能。
Capital means man-made tools, machinery and buildings used to produce goods and services. Enterprise is the ability to bring the other three resources together and take the risk of starting a business. Without enterprise, the other resources remain unused.
资本指用于生产商品和服务的人造工具、机器和建筑物。企业家才能则是将其他三种资源集合起来并承担创业风险的能力。没有企业家才能，其他资源将闲置。
Businesses must make careful decisions about how to combine these resources efficiently. A smoothie bar, for example, needs fruit (land), staff (labour), blenders and a shop (capital), and a founder with vision (enterprise) to get started.
企业必须仔细决策如何高效组合这些资源。例如，一家果昔店需要水果（土地）、员工（劳动力）、搅拌机和店面（资本），以及一位有远见的创始人（企业家才能）才能起步。
6. Introduction to Markets | 市场入门
A market is any place where buyers and sellers come together to exchange goods, services or information. This can be a physical location like a high street shop or a digital platform such as an online marketplace. Markets work through the interaction of supply and demand.
市场是买卖双方聚集在一起交换商品、服务或信息的任何场所。它可以是商业街的实体店，也可以是在线交易平台这样的数字空间。市场通过供给与需求的相互作用来运行。
The size of a market can be local, national or global. A corner shop serves a local market, while a video streaming service operates in a global market. Understanding the market size helps businesses decide where to sell and how to advertise.
市场规模可以是本地、全国或全球性的。街角小店服务于本地市场，而视频流媒体服务则在全球市场运营。了解市场规模有助于企业决定销售地点和广告方式。
Target market is the specific group of customers a business aims to reach. A company selling children’s toys will target parents and gift buyers, not pensioners. Defining a target market helps focus resources and create effective marketing messages.
目标市场是企业希望触达的特定顾客群体。销售儿童玩具的公司会将目标定位于父母和礼品购买者，而非养老金领取者。界定目标市场有助于集中资源，打造有效的营销信息。
7. Supply and Demand Basics | 供给与需求基础
Demand is how much of a good or service customers are willing and able to buy at different prices. Generally, as the price falls, demand rises. This is known as the law of demand, and it helps explain why sales events attract so many shoppers.
需求是指顾客在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的商品或服务数量。通常价格下跌，需求上升。这就是需求定律，有助于解释为何打折促销活动能吸引众多购物者。
Supply is how much producers are willing to provide at a given price. When prices rise, supply usually increases because businesses want to earn more profit. Farmers, for instance, may grow more strawberries if the market price is high.
供给是生产者在给定价格下愿意提供的数量。当价格上涨时，供给通常增加，因为企业希望赚取更多利润。例如，当草莓市场价格高时，农民可能会种植更多草莓。
The equilibrium price is where supply and demand meet. A shortage occurs when demand exceeds supply, and a surplus happens when supply is greater than demand. Businesses watch these signals to adjust production and prices.
均衡价格是供给与需求相交的点。当需求超过供给时出现短缺，当供给大于需求时则出现过剩。企业观察这些信号调整生产和定价。
Simple rule: High demand + low supply → prices rise; High supply + low demand → prices fall.
简单规律：高需求 + 低供给 → 价格上涨；高供给 + 低需求 → 价格下跌。
8. Money and Financial Literacy | 金钱与财务素养
Money serves as a medium of exchange, a store of value and a unit of account. Without money, people would have to barter, which is highly inefficient. A solid understanding of money begins with knowing the difference between income, spending and saving.
货币充当交换媒介、价值储存和计量单位。没有货币，人们只能以物易物，效率极低。理解金钱，首先要分清楚收入、支出和储蓄的区别。
Income can be earned from jobs, gifts or small business activities. Spending should be planned with a simple budget. A budget helps you track where your money goes and ensures you can save for future goals, like a new gadget or a school trip.
收入可从工作、礼品或小型商业活动中获得。支出应通过简单预算来规划。预算有助于追踪资金去向，并确保你能为未来目标（如新电子设备或学校旅行）存钱。
Businesses use financial documents such as cash flow forecasts and profit calculations. In Year 8, you can start by practising with pocket money accounts: record income, list expenses and calculate how much is left. This builds essential financial literacy.
企业使用现金流量预测和利润计算等财务文件。在 Year 8，你可以开始用零用钱账本练习：记录收入、列出开支，并计算余额。这能培养关键的财务素养。
9. Creating a Simple Business Plan | 创建简单的商业计划书
A business plan is a document that outlines the idea, goals and key details of a business. It usually includes sections on the product or service, target market, pricing, funding and a simple budget. Even small school projects benefit from a clear plan.
商业计划书是概述企业创意、目标和关键细节的文件。它通常包含产品/服务、目标市场、定价、资金以及简单预算等部分。即使是小小的学校项目，也会受益于清晰的计划。
Writing a business plan helps entrepreneurs think through every aspect of their idea, spot potential problems and persuade others to support them. Banks and investors often ask for a business plan before they lend money.
撰写商业计划书有助于创业者深入思考创意的各个方面，发现潜在问题，并说服他人提供支持。银行和投资者通常要求先看商业计划书才肯提供贷款。
You can practise this summer by designing a mini business plan for a lemonade stand, a car-washing service or an online sticker shop. Include your idea, who will buy it, the price you will charge and what you need to get started.
这个暑期你可以练习为柠檬水小摊、洗车服务或在线贴纸店设计一份小型商业计划书。包括你的创意、谁会购买、定价以及启动所需的条件。
10. Business Ethics and Sustainability | 商业道德与可持续性
Ethics in business means doing the right thing, even when no one is watching. This includes treating workers fairly, being honest with customers and avoiding practices that harm the environment. Ethical behaviour builds trust and a positive reputation.
商业道德意味着做正确的事，即使无人监督。这包括公平对待员工、对顾客诚实，以及避免破坏环境的行为。合乎道德的行为能建立信任和良好声誉。
Sustainability focuses on meeting today’s needs without harming the ability of future generations to meet theirs. Many businesses now try to use renewable energy, reduce plastic waste and source materials responsibly. These efforts also appeal to eco-conscious consumers.
可持续性强调满足当代需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。如今许多企业设法使用可再生能源、减少塑料垃圾并负责任地采购原材料。这些努力也吸引着有环保意识的消费者。
Even small actions count. A school tuck shop can switch to biodegradable packaging or donate leftover snacks to a local charity. In Year 8 business, you will discuss the balance between profit and responsibility, a theme that appears throughout the WJEC course.
小小的行动也很重要。学校的小卖部可以改用可生物降解的包装，或将剩余零食捐赠给本地慈善机构。在 Year 8 商务课中，你将探讨利润与责任之间的平衡，这个主题贯穿 WJEC 课程始终。
11. Summer Practice Activities | 暑期实践活动
To make this transition course really stick, try some hands-on activities during the holiday. Start a simple diary of your daily spending and see if you can identify your needs and wants. This personal connection makes business concepts real.
为了让衔接课真正留下印象，假期里请尝试一些动手活动。开始记录每日开销的简单日记，看看能否分辨你的需要和欲望。这种个人联系会让商务概念变得生动真实。
Observe the businesses in your neighbourhood. List three goods and three services you encounter, and note which ones target young people. Think about how they attract customers through signage, pricing and social media. Write your observations in English and Chinese to strengthen bilingual business vocabulary.
观察你所在社区的各个企业。列出你遇到的三种商品和三种服务，并注明哪些面向年轻人。思考它们如何通过招牌、定价和社交媒体吸引顾客。用中英文写下你的观察，以巩固双语商务词汇。
Challenge yourself to design a new snack or app idea. Sketch the product, describe your target customer and set a price. Present it to a family member and ask for feedback, just like a real entrepreneur pitching to an investor. You will be surprised how much you learn.
挑战自己设计一种新零食或应用创意。画出产品草图，描述目标顾客并设定价格。向家人展示并征求反馈，就像真正的企业家向投资者推介一样。你会为自己的收获感到惊讶。
12. Conclusion and Next Steps | 结论与下一步
By completing this summer prep and transition course, you have already taken the first step towards thinking like a business student. You have explored needs and wants, goods and services, enterprise, markets, finance and ethics — all foundational pillars of the WJEC Year 8 Business syllabus.
完成本次暑期预习与衔接课程后，你已经向商务学生的思维方式迈出了第一步。你已探讨了需要与欲望、商品与服务、创业、市场、财务和道德——所有这些均是 WJEC Year 8 商务课程的基础支柱。
In your first term, you will deepen each of these topics, work with case studies and possibly take part in an enterprise competition. Keep your summer notes handy, revisit any section you found tricky and try to read business news headlines to see how businesses operate in the real world.
在第一学期，你将深入学习上述每个主题，分析案例研究，并可能参加创业竞赛。保留好你的暑期笔记，回顾任何你觉得有困难的章节，并尝试阅读商业新闻标题，了解现实世界中企业的运作方式。
Embrace curiosity, ask questions and remember that every big business started as a small idea. Your journey in business studies is just beginning, and the best entrepreneurs never stop learning. Enjoy the summer and arrive ready to shine in Year 8.
保持好奇心，勇于提问，并记住每个大企业都始于一个小创意。你的商务学习之旅刚刚启程，而最优秀的企业家从不停止学习。享受这个暑假，期待你在 Year 8 大放光彩。
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