📚 Year 8 WJEC Chinese: Formulas & Theorems Quick-Reference Handbook | Year 8 WJEC 中文：公式定理速查手册
Grammar in Chinese is like a reliable toolbox. Once you know the right ‘formulas’ and ‘theorems’ for building sentences, you can express almost anything clearly and confidently. This handbook brings together the essential sentence patterns, word-order rules and function-word principles tested in Year 8 WJEC Chinese. Think of each section as a ready-to-use formula: learn it, apply it, and master it.
中文语法就像一个可靠的工具箱。掌握了正确的句子“公式”和“定理”，你就能清晰自信地表达几乎任何意思。本手册汇集了 Year 8 WJEC 中文考试中必须掌握的核心句型、语序规则和虚词原理。把每一节看作一个即用的公式：学会它，应用它，然后精通它。
1. Basic Word Order: S + T + V + O | 基本语序：主 + 时间 + 动 + 宾
The backbone of Chinese sentences follows a fixed Subject – Time – Verb – Object pattern. Unlike English, time phrases usually sit before the verb, not at the end. The formula is:
中文句子的主干遵循固定的 主语 – 时间 – 动词 – 宾语 模式。与英语不同，时间短语通常放在动词之前，而不是句末。公式为：
S + Time Word + V + O
Example: ‘I went to the library yesterday.’ → Wǒ zuótiān qùle túshūguǎn. Here, zuótiān (yesterday) comes right after the subject and before the verb. Never say ‘Wǒ qùle túshūguǎn zuótiān.’ as a direct translation.
例句：“我昨天去了图书馆。”→ 时间词“昨天”紧跟在主语后、动词前。切勿直接翻译成“我去了图书馆昨天”。
Additional time words like ‘every day’ (měi tiān), ‘often’ (chángcháng), ‘now’ (xiànzài) all slot into the same position. Mastering this formula prevents a huge number of common word-order mistakes.
诸如“每天”、“常常”、“现在”等时间词都放在同样的位置。掌握这一公式可以避免大量常见的语序错误。
2. The ‘Shì’ Sentence: A = B | “是”字句：A 是 B
The linking verb ‘shì’ works like an equals sign. The formula connects two noun phrases that refer to the same person, thing or category.
连系动词“是”就像等号。该公式连接两个指向同一个人、物或类别的名词性成分。
Noun₁ + 是 + Noun₂
Examples: ‘She is my friend.’ → Tā shì wǒ de péngyou. ‘This is a book.’ → Zhè shì yī běn shū. Note that ‘shì’ is never used before an adjective alone. You cannot say ‘Tā shì gāo.’ for ‘He is tall.’
例子：“她是我的朋友。”“这是一本书。”注意，形容词单独作谓语时不能用“是”，不能说“他是高”。
If you want to emphasise identity, always return to this formula. Negation is simple: replace ‘shì’ with ‘bú shì’. ‘He is not a teacher.’ → Tā bú shì lǎoshī.
需要强调身份时，牢记这个公式。否定形式很简单：把“是”换成“不是”。“他不是老师。”
3. The ‘Yǒu’ Sentence: Existence & Possession | “有”字句：存在与拥有
‘Yǒu’ has two core uses: showing possession and stating existence. The fundamental formula covers both.
“有”有两大核心用法：表示拥有和陈述存在。基本公式涵盖两者。
Place/Person + 有 + Noun Phrase
For possession: ‘I have a younger sister.’ → Wǒ yǒu yī gè mèimei. For existence: ‘There is a park behind the school.’ → Xuéxiào hòumiàn yǒu yī gè gōngyuán. Here, the place word sets the scene, and ‘yǒu’ introduces what exists there.
表示拥有：“我有一个妹妹。”表示存在：“学校后面有一个公园。”这里地点词设定了场景，“有”引出存在的事物。
The negative is always ‘méi yǒu’ (or simply ‘méi’ in spoken short form). Never use ‘bù yǒu’. ‘I don’t have a car.’ → Wǒ méi yǒu chē.
否定形式永远是“没有”（口语可简略为“没”），绝不能用“不有”。“我没有车。”
4. Adjective Predicate: S + (Adv) + Adj | 形容词谓语句：主 + (副) + 形
In Chinese, adjectives can act as the main predicate without any verb ‘to be’. The formula is extremely common but often forgotten.
中文里形容词可以直接作谓语，不需要系动词“是”。这个公式极其常用却常被忘记。
S + (Degree Adverb) + Adjective
Examples: ‘She is very beautiful.’ → Tā hěn piàoliang. Note: ‘hěn’ here often functions as a link rather than meaning ‘very’; it is almost obligatory unless a contrast is intended. ‘I am busy.’ → Wǒ hěn máng.
例子：“她很漂亮。”注意：这里的“很”常常起联结作用，不一定表示程度深；除非刻意对比，否则“很”几乎必不可少。“我很忙。”
Degree adverbs include ‘fēicháng’ (very), ‘tèbié’ (especially), ‘yǒudiǎnr’ (a little). Negation places ‘bù’ before the adjective: ‘He is not tall.’ → Tā bù gāo. Always remember, do not insert ‘shì’!
程度副词包括“非常、特别、有点儿”。否定时在形容词前加“不”：“他不高。”永远记住，不要插入“是”！
5. The ‘Bǎ’ Construction: Disposal of Objects | “把”字句：处置式
The ‘bǎ’ sentence highlights what happens to a specific object—its disposal, change or result. The formula is a Year 8 must-know.
“把”字句强调一个特定宾语经历了什么——它的处置、变化或结果。这个公式是8年级必会点。
S + 把 + O + V + Complement/Result
Conditions: the object must be definite and the verb must indicate a result. ‘I finished my homework.’ → Wǒ bǎ zuòyè zuò wán le. The object ‘homework’ is specific, and the result ‘finished’ is expressed by the complement ‘wán’.
条件：宾语必须是确指的，动词必须带有结果。“我把作业做完了。”宾语“作业”是具体的，结果“完”通过补语表达。
Never use ‘bǎ’ with verbs that don’t change the object, like ‘love’ or ‘see’. ‘I love her’ ≠ ‘Wǒ bǎ tā ài.’ This formula keeps your expressions precise and natural.
切勿将“把”用于不改变宾语状态的动词，如“爱、看见”。“我爱她”不能说成“我把她爱”。这个公式能让表达精准自然。
6. The ‘Bèi’ Passive: Receiver as Subject | “被”字被动句：受事作主语
When the receiver of an action becomes the subject, Chinese uses the ‘bèi’ marker. It is the mirror image of the active sentence.
当动作的承受者成为主语时，汉语用“被”字标记。它与主动句形成镜像关系。
Receiver + 被 + (Agent) + V + Complement
The agent (doer) can be omitted if unknown. ‘The book was returned.’ → Shū bèi huán huíqù le. If we include the agent: ‘The cake was eaten by my brother.’ → Dàngāo bèi wǒ dìdi chī diào le.
施事者如果未知可以省略。“书被还回去了。”若要指出施事：“蛋糕被我弟弟吃掉了。”
In informal speech, ‘bèi’ can often be replaced by ‘jiào’ or ‘ràng’, but ‘bèi’ remains the core term for Year 8. Remember, the verb must include a result or a change; bare verbs rarely appear in ‘bèi’ sentences.
口语中“被”常可换为“叫”或“让”，但“被”仍是8年级核心术语。记住，动词必须带有结果或变化，光杆动词很少出现在“被”字句中。
7. Comparison with ‘Bǐ’: More Than | “比”字比较句：比……更……
To say A is more [adjective] than B, Chinese uses a clean comparative formula. There is no separate word for ‘-er’ or ‘more’ when the adjective stands alone.
表示 A 比 B 更[形容词]，汉语使用简洁的比较公式。形容词本身不含比较级变化。
A + 比 + B + Adj
Example: ‘I am taller than you.’ → Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo. Never say ‘Wǒ gāo bǐ nǐ’. To add a specific difference, append the quantity after the adjective: ‘I am 5 cm taller than you.’ → Wǒ bǐ nǐ gāo wǔ gōngfēn.
例句：“我比你高。”绝不能说“我高比”。要添加具体差额，在形容词后加上数量：“我比你高五公分。”
Degree adverbs like ‘hěn’ or ‘fēicháng’ cannot directly modify the adjective in this structure; use ‘gèng’ (even more) or ‘duō le’ (much) instead. ‘I am much taller than him.’ → Wǒ bǐ tā gāo duō le.
程度副词“很、非常”不能直接修饰该结构中的形容词；要用“更”或“多了”。“我比他高多了。”
8. The Durative ‘Zhe’: Ongoing State | 持续体“着”：状态持续
The particle ‘zhe’ attaches to a verb to show a continuous state or a static ongoing action. Its formula captures the idea of ‘-ing’ for states.
助词“着”附加在动词后，表示状态的持续或静态的正在进行。该公式表达了状态的“着”态。
S + V + 着 + (O)
Typical examples: ‘The door is open.’ → Mén kāi zhe. ‘He is wearing a red coat.’ → Tā chuān zhe yī jiàn hóng wàitào. Note that ‘zhe’ is not used for dynamic actions; for ‘I am eating’, use ‘zài’ and not ‘zhe’ alone.
典型例句：“门开着。”“他穿着一件红外套。”注意，“着”不用于动态动作；“我在吃饭”用“在”，而不能仅用“着”。
The location-existence pattern ‘Place + V + 着 + N’ is a common theorem: ‘On the wall hangs a painting.’ → Qiáng shàng guà zhe yī fú huà. Learn this as a landscape formula.
存现句“处所 + 动词 + 着 + 名词”是一项常用定理：“墙上挂着一幅画。”把它当成景物描写公式来学。
9. The Perfective ‘Le’: Completed Action | 完成体“了”：动作完成
The sentence-final ‘le’ and the verb-suffix ‘le’ form a core aspect system. Year 8 students must distinguish them as two theorems under one character.
句末“了”和动词后缀“了”构成核心体貌系统。8年级学生须将之区分为一字之下的两条定理。
V + 了 + Number + Object (completed action, often with quantity)
Example: ‘I bought two apples.’ → Wǒ mǎi le liǎng gè píngguǒ. The ‘le’ right after the verb marks the action as finished. If the object has no quantity, sentence-final ‘le’ often appears to indicate a new situation: ‘I am full.’ → Wǒ chī bǎo le.
例句：“我买了两个苹果。”动词后的“了”标记动作完成。若宾语没有数量，句末“了”常出现以表示新情况：“我吃饱了。”
Negation uses ‘méi’ and drops ‘le’ from the verb: ‘I didn’t buy apples.’ → Wǒ méi mǎi píngguǒ. Remember, ‘bù’ is for future or habitual negation, never for completed actions.
否定用“没”并去掉动词后的“了”：“我没买苹果。”记住，“不”用于将来或习惯性否定，绝不能用于已完成的动作。
10. The Experiential ‘Guo’: ‘Ever’ Done | 经历体“过”：曾经做过
When you want to express having done something at least once in your life, the verb-suffix ‘guo’ is the magic key. This formula signals life experience.
当你想表达生平至少做过某事一次时，动词后缀“过”是魔法钥匙。该公式标示人生经历。
S + V + 过 + O
Example: ‘I have eaten Peking duck.’ → Wǒ chī guo Běijīng kǎoyā. This implies the experience exists, regardless of when. Contrast with ‘le’: ‘Wǒ chī le kǎoyā’ just means I ate it on a specific occasion.
例句：“我吃过北京烤鸭。”这暗示有此经历，无论何时。与“了”对比：“我吃了烤鸭”仅表示某个具体场合吃了。
The negative is ‘méi + V + guo’: ‘I have never been to China.’ → Wǒ méi qù guo Zhōngguó. Question forms often combine ‘guo’ with ‘ma’ or ‘méi yǒu’: ‘Have you seen this film?’ → Nǐ kàn guo zhè bù diànyǐng ma?
否定用“没 + 动词 + 过”：“我没去过中国。”疑问句常将“过”与“吗”或“没有”结合：“你看过这部电影吗？”
11. Yes/No Questions: 吗 & 吧 | 是非疑问句：“吗”和“吧”
Turning a statement into a yes/no question in Chinese follows two main ‘question formulas’, the simplest of which is ‘ma’.
将陈述句变为是非问句主要遵循两大“疑问公式”，其中最简单的是“吗”。
Statement + 吗？
Example: ‘Are you a student?’ → Nǐ shì xuéshēng ma? There is no need to invert the subject and verb; just add ‘ma’ at the end. For a tone of expectation or confirmation, use ‘ba’ instead: ‘You are a student, right?’ → Nǐ shì xuéshēng ba?
例句：“你是学生吗？”无需主谓倒装；只在句末加“吗”。若要表达推测或确认的语气，用“吧”：“你是学生吧？”
Another theorem is the positive-negative pattern: V + 不 + V or Adj + 不 + Adj. ‘Do you like coffee?’ → Nǐ xǐhuān bù xǐhuān kāfēi? This pattern also acts as a formula and does not need ‘ma’.
另一条定理是正反疑问句：动 + 不 + 动 或 形 + 不 + 形。“你喜欢不喜欢咖啡？”这个格式同样自成公式，不需加“吗”。
12. Wh-Questions: Keeping Word Order | 疑问词问句：语序不变
The most important theorem for wh-questions is simple: do not change the word order. The question word simply replaces the part you want to know.
疑问词问句最重要的定理很简单：不要改变语序。疑问词直接替换你想知道的部分。
S + (T) + V + Wh-word
Examples: ‘What do you like to eat?’ → Nǐ xǐhuān chī shénme? ‘Shénme’ sits exactly where the food word would go. ‘Where does he work?’ → Tā zài nǎr gōngzuò? ‘Nǎr’ takes the place of the location.
例句：“你喜欢吃什么？”“什么”就放在原本该放食物词的位置。“他在哪儿工作？”“哪儿”取代了地点位置。
Other question words follow the same principle: ‘shéi’ (who), ‘shénme shíhou’ (when), ‘wèishénme’ (why) and ‘zěnme’ (how). Remember, there is no auxiliary fronting like English. The theorem: keep the declarative skeleton, insert the question word.
其他疑问词同理：“谁、什么时候、为什么、怎么”。记住，没有英语那样的助动词前置。定理：保留陈述句骨架，插入疑问词即可。
Published by TutorHao | Chinese Revision Series | aleveler.com
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