📚 Year 8 WJEC Politics: Key Terms Memory Guide | WJEC 8年级政治：关键术语速记指南
Welcome to your quick revision guide for WJEC Year 8 Politics. Understanding key terminology is the first step to grasping how the UK and the wider world are governed. This guide presents each term with a clear definition, a memory aid, and a real-world example, all in bite-sized chunks for easy learning.
欢迎使用WJEC 8年级政治速记指南。理解关键术语是掌握英国及更广泛世界治理方式的第一步。本指南为每个术语提供清晰的定义、记忆助手和现实案例，以小块内容呈现，便于学习。
1. Democracy | 民主
Democracy comes from the Greek words demos (people) and kratos (rule). In a democracy, the people have the ultimate authority over the government, usually by electing representatives in free and fair elections.
民主一词源自希腊语demos（人民）和kratos（统治）。在民主制度中，人民拥有对政府的最终权力，通常通过自由公正的选举选出代表。
Memory tip: Think ‘Demo’ = demonstrate, people show their power. In the UK, general elections are held at least every five years to let citizens choose MPs.
记忆技巧：联想“Demo”（演示），人民展示力量。在英国，大选至少每五年举行一次，让公民选择议员。
2. Government | 政府
The government is the group of people who run the country. In the UK, it consists of the Prime Minister, Cabinet ministers, and other ministers who are responsible for different departments like health, education, and defence. The government proposes new laws and puts policies into action.
政府是管理国家的群体。在英国，政府由首相、内阁大臣及其他负责卫生、教育和国防等不同部门的大臣组成。政府提出新法律并将政策付诸实施。
Memory tip: Government = ‘govern’ + ‘ment’. To govern means to steer or control. Picture a ship’s captain steering the vessel. The government steers the country.
记忆技巧：政府=“管理”+“机构”。管理即掌舵或控制。想象船长驾驶船只。政府为国家掌舵。
3. Parliament | 议会
Parliament is the body that makes laws, scrutinises the government, and represents the people. In the UK, Parliament consists of three parts: the House of Commons (elected MPs), the House of Lords (appointed members, not elected), and the monarch (currently King Charles III).
议会是制定法律、监督政府和代表人民的机构。在英国，议会由三部分组成：下议院（选举产生的议员）、上议院（任命而非选举产生的议员）和君主（现为查尔斯三世国王）。
Memory tip: Think ‘Parliament’ sounds like ‘parley’ (to discuss). It is a place for discussion. Also, remember the three Cs: Commons, Lords, Crown.
记忆技巧：“议会”听起来像“商议”（讨论）。这是一个讨论的地方。同时记住三个C：下议院（Commons）、上议院（Lords）、君主（Crown）。
4. Law | 法律
A law is a rule made by Parliament that everyone in the country must follow. Laws are enforced by the police and courts. If someone breaks a law, they can face punishments such as fines or imprisonment. Statute laws are written and passed by Parliament, while common law develops from judges’ decisions.
法律是由议会制定的、全国每个人都必须遵守的规则。法律由警察和法院执行。如果有人违法，可能面临罚款或监禁等惩罚。成文法由议会书面通过，而普通法则由法官的判决发展而来。
Memory tip: Law = ‘L’ for legislation (statute) and ‘A’ for authority. Think of a red traffic light – it is a legal rule everyone must obey.
记忆技巧：法律—L代表立法，A代表权威。想一想红灯——这是每个人必须遵守的法律规则。
5. Rights | 权利
Rights are the basic freedoms and protections that every person is entitled to. In the UK, rights include the right to vote, freedom of speech, the right to a fair trial, and the right to privacy. Many of these are protected by the Human Rights Act 1998.
权利是每个人都享有的基本自由和保护。在英国，权利包括投票权、言论自由、获得公正审判的权利以及隐私权。其中许多受1998年《人权法》保护。
Memory tip: Rights are like an invisible shield. Just as a shield protects a knight, rights protect citizens from unfair treatment. The acronym ‘VOTE’ can help: Voice, Opinion, Trial, Equality.
记忆技巧：权利就像一面无形的盾牌。正如盾牌保护骑士，权利保护公民免受不公平对待。缩写“VOTE”可帮助记忆：声音（Voice）、意见（Opinion）、审判（Trial）、平等（Equality）。
6. Responsibilities | 责任
Responsibilities are the duties that citizens have towards their community and country. They include obeying the law, paying taxes, serving on a jury when called, and respecting the rights of others. With rights come responsibilities; they are two sides of the same coin.
责任是公民对社区和国家应尽的义务，包括遵守法律、纳税、在需要时担任陪审员以及尊重他人的权利。有权利就有责任，二者是一枚硬币的两面。
Memory tip: Responsibility = ‘respond’ + ‘ability’. It is your ability to respond to the needs of society. Think of a school prefect who has the privilege of a badge but also the duty to help others.
记忆技巧：责任=“回应”+“能力”。这是你回应社会需求的能力。想想学校的级长，他们拥有徽章的特权，但也负有帮助他人的职责。
7. Election | 选举
An election is a formal process where citizens vote to choose their representatives. In the UK, general elections decide the makeup of the House of Commons and which party forms the government. The ‘first past the post’ system means the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins a seat.
选举是公民投票选择其代表的正式过程。在英国，大选决定下议院的组成以及哪个政党组建政府。“简单多数制”意味着每个选区得票最多的候选人赢得席位。
Memory tip: Election = ‘e’ for everyone (eligible), ‘lect’ meaning to choose (like select). Picture a ballot box with a tick next to your chosen candidate. In the UK, you must be 18 to vote.
记忆技巧：选举—“e”代表每个合格选民，“lect”意味着选择（如同select）。想象一个投票箱，在你选择的候选人旁边打勾。在英国，你必须年满18岁才能投票。
8. Political Party | 政党
A political party is an organised group of people who share similar ideas about how the country should be governed. They create policies and put forward candidates at elections. The main parties in the UK include the Conservative Party (centre-right, favours lower taxes and traditional values), the Labour Party (centre-left, favours public services and workers’ rights), and the Liberal Democrats (centrist, favour civil liberties and electoral reform).
政党是一群有组织的人，他们对国家的治理方式持有相似的想法。他们制定政策，并在选举中推举候选人。英国的主要政党包括保守党（中右翼，支持低税收和传统价值观）、工党（中左翼，支持公共服务和工人权利）以及自由民主党（中间派，支持公民自由和选举改革）。
The main UK political parties and their core stances can be summarised as follows:
| Party | Leader (example) | Core Ideas |
|---|---|---|
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