📚 Edexcel Year 10 Biology: Key Terminology Memorisation Guide | Edexcel 十年级生物：核心词汇速记指南
Biology can feel like learning a new language, but every term you master brings you closer to top marks. This guide presents the essential Edexcel Year 10 biology vocabulary with clear definitions, memorable hooks, and dual explanations in English and Chinese to supercharge your revision.
生物学有时就像在学一门新语言，但每掌握一个术语，你就离高分更近一步。本指南提供了 Edexcel 十年级生物的核心词汇，配以清晰的定义、好记的口诀以及中英双语解释，帮助你的复习事半功倍。
1. Cell Structures – Key Organelles | 细胞结构 – 关键细胞器
The nucleus is the control centre of the cell; it contains DNA coiled into chromosomes and directs protein synthesis and cell division.
细胞核是细胞的控制中心，它含有卷曲成染色体的 DNA，并指导蛋白质合成与细胞分裂。
Mitochondria are the ‘powerhouses’ where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy by breaking down glucose – think ‘mighty mitochondria’ for an A*.
线粒体是“动力工厂”，是有氧呼吸的发生场所，通过分解葡萄糖释放能量——记住“强大的线粒体”助你拿高分。
Ribosomes are tiny organelles that read messenger RNA and assemble amino acids into proteins; they can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体是微小的细胞器，能读取信使 RNA 并将氨基酸组装成蛋白质；它们或游离在细胞质中，或附着在粗面内质网上。
The cell membrane is a selectively permeable barrier made of phospholipids and proteins, controlling what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜是由磷脂和蛋白质构成的选择性渗透屏障，控制着物质的进出。
Chloroplasts, found in plant cells and algae, contain the green pigment chlorophyll and are the site of photosynthesis.
叶绿体存在于植物细胞和藻类中，含有绿色色素叶绿素，是光合作用的发生场所。
The cell wall, made of cellulose, gives plant cells a rigid shape and prevents bursting when water enters by osmosis.
由纤维素组成的细胞壁赋予植物细胞坚硬的形态，并防止当水分通过渗透进入时细胞涨破。
A large permanent vacuole in plant cells stores cell sap and helps maintain turgor pressure against the cell wall.
植物细胞中的大中央液泡储存细胞液，并帮助维持对细胞壁的膨压。
| Organelle 细胞器 | Memory Aid 记忆口诀 |
|---|---|
| Nucleus | Nucleus = ‘Neu’ (new) instructions from DNA |
| Mitochondria | Mighty Mitochondria make energy |
| Ribosomes | Ribosomes read RNA to build proteins |
| Chloroplast | Chloroplasts create chemical food using sunlight |
2. Transport Across Membranes – Diffusion, Osmosis and Active Transport | 跨膜运输 – 扩散、渗透与主动运输
Diffusion is the net movement of particles from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration, down a concentration gradient, until equilibrium is reached.
扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域沿浓度梯度的净运动，直至达到平衡。
Osmosis is the special diffusion of water molecules across a partially permeable membrane from an area of high water potential (dilute solution) to an area of low water potential (concentrated solution).
渗透是水分子特殊的扩散过程，水通过半透膜从水势高的区域（稀溶液）向水势低的区域（浓溶液）移动。
Active transport moves substances against the concentration gradient, from low to high concentration, using energy from ATP and carrier proteins in the cell membrane.
主动运输逆浓度梯度进行（从低浓度到高浓度），利用来自 ATP 的能量和细胞膜上的载体蛋白。
Factors affecting the rate of diffusion include temperature, concentration gradient and surface area of the membrane. For osmosis, water potential gradient is key.
影响扩散速率的因素包括温度、浓度梯度以及膜的表面积。对于渗透，水势梯度是关键。
Quick memory hook: ‘Osmosis is water’s special diffusion’ – O for osmosis, O for H₂O. ‘Active transport is like swimming against the current – it needs energy.’
记忆窍门：“Osmosis is water’s special diffusion”——渗透（Osmosis）的首字母 O 与水（H₂O）相联系。“主动运输就像逆流游泳——需要能量。”
3. Enzymes – Biological Catalysts | 酶 – 生物催化剂
Enzymes are globular proteins that act as biological catalysts, speeding up metabolic reactions without being used up.
酶是球状蛋白质，作为生物催化剂可加速代谢反应，而自身不会被消耗。
Each enzyme has a specific active site with a shape complementary to its substrate, like a lock and key. The substrate binds to form an enzyme-substrate complex.
每种酶都有一个特定的活性位点，其形状与底物互补，就像锁和钥匙一样。底物结合后形成酶-底物复合物。
High temperatures or extreme pH can denature the enzyme, changing the shape of the active site irreversibly so the substrate no longer fits.
高温或极端 pH 会使酶变性，不可逆地改变活性位点的形状，使得底物不再适配。
The optimum temperature for human enzymes is around 37 °C, while the optimum pH depends on the enzyme – e.g. pepsin works best at pH 2 in the stomach.
人体酶的最适温度约为 37 °C，而最适 pH 因酶而异——例如胃蛋白酶在胃中 pH 2 时活性最佳。
Memorise: ‘Enzymes are like locks, substrates are keys. Heat shakes the lock, denaturing it.’ The suffix ‘-ase’ often signals an enzyme, e.g. amylase, protease.
记住：“酶是锁，底物是钥匙。加热摇动了锁，使其变性。”后缀“-ase”常表示酶，如淀粉酶、蛋白酶。
4. Respiration – Aerobic and Anaerobic | 呼吸作用 – 有氧与无氧
Aerobic respiration uses oxygen to release a large amount of energy from glucose. The balanced word equation is: glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy).
有氧呼吸利用氧气从葡萄糖中释放大量能量。平衡的文字方程式为：葡萄糖 + 氧气 → 二氧化碳 + 水（+ 能量）。
The chemical equation: C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O (+ energy). This process occurs mainly in the mitochondria.
化学方程式为：C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O（+ 能量）。该过程主要在线粒体中进行。
Anaerobic respiration in animal cells (e.g. during vigorous exercise) produces lactic acid and a small amount of energy: glucose → lactic acid (+ energy).
动物细胞中的无氧呼吸（如在剧烈运动时）产生乳酸和少量能量：葡萄糖 → 乳酸（+ 能量）。
In yeast and some plants, anaerobic respiration produces ethanol and carbon dioxide: glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide (+ energy). This is called fermentation.
在酵母和某些植物中，无氧呼吸产生乙醇和二氧化碳：葡萄糖 → 乙醇 + 二氧化碳（+ 能量）。这称为发酵。
Oxygen debt is the amount of extra oxygen needed after exercise to oxidise lactic acid back to carbon dioxide and water.
氧债是运动后需要额外氧气来将乳酸氧化回二氧化碳和水的量。
Memory tip: ‘Aerobic has air (oxygen), anaerobic lacks air. Animals make lactic acid (muscle burn), yeast makes alcohol.’
记忆技巧：“Aerobic 有空气（氧气），anaerobic 缺少空气。动物产生乳酸（肌肉灼烧感），酵母产生酒精。”
5. Photosynthesis – Making Food Using Light | 光合作用 – 利用光制造食物
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants and some algae convert light energy into chemical energy stored in glucose. The word equation: carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen.
光合作用是绿色植物和某些藻类将光能转化为储存在葡萄糖中的化学能的过程。文字方程式：二氧化碳 + 水 → 葡萄糖 + 氧气。
The balanced chemical equation: 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂. Chlorophyll in chloroplasts absorbs light energy, mainly red and blue wavelengths.
平衡化学方程式：6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂。叶绿体中的叶绿素吸收红光和蓝光等波长的光能。
Limiting factors are conditions that limit the rate of photosynthesis: light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, and temperature. At night, light is the limiting factor.
限制因子是限制光合作用速率的条件：光照强度、二氧化碳浓度和温度。夜晚时，光照是限制因子。
The glucose produced is used in respiration, converted to starch for storage, cellulose for cell walls, and with nitrates from the soil, it forms amino acids and proteins.
生成的葡萄糖用于呼吸作用，或转化为淀粉储存、构成细胞壁的纤维素，以及与土壤中的硝酸盐结合形成氨基酸和蛋白质。
Memory: ‘Photo means light, synthesis means making. Plants make food using light.’ Think of leaves as solar panels.
记忆法：“Photo 意为光，synthesis 意为合成。植物利用光制造食物。”将叶片想象为太阳能板。
6. Nervous System – Reflexes and Synapses | 神经系统 – 反射与突触
The nervous system detects stimuli with receptors and coordinates rapid responses via neurones. A reflex arc is a fast, automatic pathway bypassing the conscious brain.
神经系统通过感受器探测刺激，并通过神经元协调快速反应。反射弧是一条绕过意识大脑的快速、自动的通路。
The sequence of a reflex arc: stimulus → receptor → sensory neurone → relay neurone (in spinal cord) → motor neurone → effector (muscle or gland) → response.
反射弧的顺序：刺激 → 感受器 → 感觉神经元 → 中间神经元（脊髓中）→ 运动神经元 → 效应器（肌肉或腺体）→ 反应。
A synapse is a tiny gap between two neurones. An electrical impulse triggers the release of neurotransmitters (chemicals) from vesicles, which diffuse across the gap and bind to receptors on the next neurone.
突触是两个神经元之间的微小间隙。电信号触发突触小泡释放神经递质（化学物质），后者经扩散穿过间隙并与下一个神经元上的受体结合。
Neurotransmitters are then broken down or reabsorbed to prevent continuous stimulation. Synapses ensure impulses travel in one direction only.
神经递质随后被分解或重吸收，以防止持续刺激。突触确保了冲动只能单向传递。
Remember: ‘Sensory neurones send signals inside, motor neurones make muscles move. The synapse is the chemical bridge.’
记住：“感觉神经元把信号传入，运动神经元让肌肉运动。突触是化学桥梁。”
7. Hormonal Coordination – Insulin and Glucagon | 激素调节 – 胰岛素与胰高血糖素
Hormones are chemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, secreted directly into the blood, and carried to target organs where they trigger a specific response.
激素是由内分泌腺产生的化学信使，直接分泌到血液中，被运送到靶器官并在那里引发特定的反应。
Insulin is released by the pancreas when blood glucose is too high; it stimulates the liver and muscles to take up glucose and convert it to glycogen for storage.
当血糖浓度过高时，胰腺分泌胰岛素；它刺激肝脏和肌肉摄取葡萄糖，并将其转化为糖原储存。
Glucagon is released when blood glucose is too low; it prompts the liver to break glycogen back into glucose and release it into the blood. Insulin and glucagon work in negative feedback.
当血糖过低时，胰腺分泌胰高血糖素；它促使肝脏将糖原分解回葡萄糖并释放入血。胰岛素和胰高血糖素通过负反馈协同工作。
Type 1 diabetes is a condition where the pancreas does not produce enough insulin, so blood glucose remains high. It is treated with insulin injections.
1 型糖尿病是胰腺无法产生足够胰岛素的疾病，导致血糖居高不下。治疗方法为注射胰岛素。
Memory hooks: ‘Insulin stores glucose (both start with ‘in’??), Glucagon releases glucose (glucagon = glucose gone).’ Or ‘Insulin is the key that lets glucose into cells.’
记忆联想：“胰岛素（Insulin）存入糖，胰高血糖素（Glucagon）释放糖——‘glucagon’ 可看成 ‘glucose gone’。”或者“胰岛素是让葡萄糖进入细胞的钥匙。”。
8. DNA, Genes and Inheritance – The Basics | DNA、基因与遗传 – 基础知识
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a double-helix polymer that carries genetic information. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein.
DNA（脱氧核糖核酸）是一种双螺旋结构的聚合物，携带遗传信息。基因是编码特定蛋白质的 DNA 片段。
Chromosomes are long, coiled molecules of DNA found in the nucleus; humans have 23 pairs. Alleles are different versions of the same gene.
染色体是存在于细胞核内的长螺旋状 DNA 分子，人类有 23 对。等位基因是同一基因的不同版本。
A dominant allele (capital letter) expresses its trait even if only one copy is present. A recessive allele (lower case) is only expressed when two copies are present.
显性等位基因（大写字母）即使只有一个拷贝也能表现其性状。隐性等位基因（小写字母）只有在有两个拷贝时才会表达。
Homozygous means having two identical alleles for a gene (e.g. AA or aa); heterozygous means having two different alleles (e.g. Aa).
纯合子指一个基因有两个相同的等位基因（如 AA 或 aa）；杂合子指有两个不同的等位基因（如 Aa）。
Genotype describes the alleles present, while phenotype is the observable characteristic. A monohybrid cross studies the inheritance of a single gene.
基因型描述拥有的等位基因组成，表现型是可见的特征。单基因杂交研究单个性状的遗传。
Use the memory: ‘Dominant dictates, recessive retreats.’ In a Punnett square, capital letters bully lower case ones!
记忆口诀：“显性主导，隐性隐藏。”在庞纳特方格中，大写字母“欺负”小写字母！
9. Evolution and Classification – Natural Selection and Naming | 进化与分类 – 自然选择与命名
Natural selection is the process where organisms with advantageous traits are more likely to survive, reproduce and pass those traits to the next generation. It requires variation, competition and inheritance.
自然选择是具有有利特征的生物更有可能存活、繁殖并将这些特征传递给下一代的过程。它需要变异、竞争和遗传。
Steps of natural selection: 1) Variation exists in a population, 2) Environmental pressure causes competition, 3) Better-adapted individuals survive and reproduce, 4) Their alleles increase in frequency over generations.
自然选择的步骤：1) 种群中存在变异，2) 环境压力导致竞争，3) 更适应的个体存活并繁殖，4) 它们的等位基因频率在世代中增加。
Evolution is the change in inherited characteristics of a population over time, driven by natural selection. Speciation can occur when populations become isolated.
进化是由自然选择推动的种群遗传特征随时间的变化。当种群被隔离时，可能形成新物种。
The binomial naming system gives every species a two-part Latin name: Genus species (e.g. Homo sapiens). The classification hierarchy: Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species.
双名法为每个物种提供一个由两部分拉丁名组成的学名：属名 + 种名（如智人 Homo sapiens）。分类等级：界、门、纲、目、科、属、种。
Mnemonics: For natural selection remember ‘VCRI’ – Variation, Competition
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