📚 Mastering Key Legal Terms: A Quick-Memorisation Guide for Year 9 CIE Law | Year 9 CIE 法律：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your go-to quick-memorisation guide for essential legal vocabulary at Year 9 CIE Law level. This article breaks down key terms into manageable sections, presenting each term with a clear English explanation immediately followed by its Chinese counterpart. By studying these paired definitions, you will build a solid foundation for understanding legal concepts, procedures, and personnel. Whether you are revising for an end-of-topic test or preparing for a mock examination, this resource is designed to help you recall and apply the correct terminology with confidence.
欢迎使用这份为 Year 9 CIE 法律课程量身打造的必备词汇速记指南。本文将关键术语分节整理，每个术语先给出清晰的英文解释，紧接着提供对应的中文释义。通过这种双语配对学习，你将打下理解法律概念、程序和职业的坚实基础。无论是准备单元测验还是模拟考试，这份资料都能帮助你自信地回忆并准确运用法律术语。
1. Sources of Law | 法律渊源
Legislation (Statute Law): Law created by Parliament. Acts of Parliament, known as statutes, are the highest form of domestic law in the UK and can cover any area. Parliament can pass new legislation to change or abolish existing laws.
制定法 (立法)：由议会制定的法律。议会法案即制定法，是英国国内最高位阶的法律，可以涵盖任何领域。议会可以通过新立法来修改或废除现有法律。
Case Law (Common Law): Law developed by judges through decisions in individual cases. The doctrine of precedent means that lower courts follow the legal principles set by higher courts in similar cases, ensuring consistency and fairness.
判例法 (普通法)：由法官在个案判决中发展出来的法律。遵循先例原则要求下级法院在类似案件中遵循上级法院确立的法律原则，以保证一致性和公正性。
Custom: A long-established practice that has acquired the force of law. For a custom to be legally recognised, it must be reasonable, have existed since ‘time immemorial’ (traditionally 1189), be certain, and be exercised as of right.
习惯：一种长期存在并具有法律效力的惯例。习惯要得到法律承认，必须合理、自“远古”(传统上为1189年)以来一直存在、内容确定，并且作为权利被行使。
Constitutional Conventions: Non-legal rules that regulate the behaviour of constitutional actors, such as the monarch and ministers. While not enforceable in courts, they are considered binding in practice. For example, the monarch grants Royal Assent to bills passed by Parliament as a matter of convention.
宪法性惯例：规范君主和大臣等宪法主体行为的非法律规则。虽然法院不能强制执行，但在实践中被视为具有约束力。例如，按照惯例，君主对议会通过的法案必须御准。
2. Classifications of Law | 法律分类
Criminal Law: The branch of law that deals with conduct considered harmful to society. The state prosecutes individuals accused of crimes, and penalties can include imprisonment, fines, or community orders. The aim is to punish and deter wrongdoing.
刑法：处理被视为危害社会的行为的法律分支。国家起诉被指控犯罪的个人，刑罚可包括监禁、罚款或社区令。其宗旨在于惩罚和威慑不法行为。
Civil Law: Governs disputes between individuals or organisations. Typically, a claimant sues a defendant for a remedy such as damages (compensation) or an injunction. Examples include contract disputes, negligence claims, and family matters.
民法：调整个人或组织之间纠纷的法律。通常原告起诉被告以寻求损害赔偿(金钱补偿)或禁令等救济。实例包括合同纠纷、过失索赔和家事案件。
Public Law: The area of law that governs the relationship between the state and individuals or other states. It includes constitutional law, administrative law, and criminal law. Judicial review is a key process in public law, allowing courts to examine the legality of government decisions.
公法：调整国家与个人或其他国家之间关系的法律领域。它包括宪法、行政法和刑法。司法审查是公法中的一个关键程序，允许法院审查政府决定的合法性。
Private Law: Regulates relationships between private individuals and entities. It encompasses contract law, tort law, property law, and family law. Private law disputes are resolved through civil litigation.
私法：规范私人个体和实体之间关系的法律。它包括合同法、侵权法、财产法和家事法。私法纠纷通过民事诉讼解决。
3. Court Structure | 法院结构
Magistrates’ Court: The lowest tier of criminal court, where minor offences (summary offences) and some intermediate offences are tried. It also handles preliminary hearings for more serious crimes that will be sent to the Crown Court. Most cases are heard by lay magistrates or a District Judge.
治安法院：最低层级的刑事法院，审理轻微罪行（简易罪）和部分中等罪行，并对将送交刑事法院的较重罪行进行预审。大多数案件由非专业治安法官或地区法官审理。
Crown Court: Deals with serious criminal offences (indictable offences) such as murder, rape, and robbery. Cases are heard before a judge and a jury of 12 members. It also hears appeals from Magistrates’ Courts against conviction or sentence, and sentences offenders sent from Magistrates’ Court for harsher penalties.
刑事法院：处理严重刑事罪行（可公诉罪），如谋杀、强奸和抢劫。案件由一名法官和一个12人陪审团审理。它还受理不服治安法院定罪或量刑的上诉，并对从治安法院移送要求更严厉刑罚的罪犯量刑。
High Court: Divided into three divisions: Queen’s Bench (contract, tort, judicial review), Chancery (business, property, trusts), and Family (family and children matters). It hears the most complex and high-value civil cases and acts as an appellate court for some lower courts.
高等法院：分为三个分庭：王座庭（合同、侵权、司法审查）、大法官庭（商业、财产、信托）和家事庭（家庭与儿童事务）。它审理最复杂、标的最高的民事案件，并充任部分下级法院的上诉法院。
Court of Appeal: Hears appeals from the Crown Court, High Court, and certain tribunals. It has a Civil Division and a Criminal Division. The Court of Appeal reviews decisions for errors in law or procedure, and its judgments set binding precedents for lower courts.
上诉法院：受理来自刑事法院、高等法院和特定法庭的上诉。下设民事庭和刑事庭。上诉法院就法律或程序错误审查判决，其判决为下级法院设定具有约束力的先例。
Supreme Court: The highest court of appeal in the UK for civil and criminal cases from England, Wales, and Northern Ireland. It also hears cases on devolution matters. Its decisions bind all lower courts and clarify points of law of general public importance.
最高法院：英国境内处理英格兰、威尔士及北爱尔兰民刑事案件的最高的上诉法院，也审理权力下放事项。它的裁决约束所有下级法院，并阐明对公众具有普遍重要性的法律问题。
4. Legal Personnel | 法律职业人员
Solicitor: A legal professional who advises clients, prepares legal documents, and may represent clients in lower courts. Solicitors are typically the first point of contact for individuals seeking legal help. They can now also qualify for higher courts advocacy.
事务律师：为客户提供咨询、准备法律文书并可在下级法院出庭代理的法律专业人士。事务律师通常是个人寻求法律帮助时的首要联系人。现在他们也有权在更高级别法院出庭辩论。
Barrister: A lawyer specialising in advocacy and litigation, often instructed by solicitors to represent clients in higher courts. Barristers provide expert legal opinions and are known for their courtroom skills and specialist knowledge in particular areas of law.
出庭律师：专门从事法庭辩论和诉讼的律师，常受事务律师委托在较高级法院代理客户。出庭律师提供专家法律意见，以其法庭辩论技巧和对特定法律领域的专精知识著称。
Judge: A public official appointed to preside over court proceedings. Judges ensure trials are fair, interpret and apply the law, sum up evidence for the jury, and pass sentences in criminal cases. Their impartiality and independence are fundamental to the rule of law.
法官：被任命主持法庭程序的公共官员。法官确保审判公正，解释和适用法律，为陪审团总结证据，并在刑事案件中作出判决。他们的公正性与独立性是法治的根基。
Magistrate: An unpaid volunteer who serves in Magistrates’ Courts, dealing with less serious criminal matters and certain civil work. Magistrates, also known as Justices of the Peace, sit as a panel of two or three and are advised on law by a legally qualified clerk.
治安法官：在治安法院服务的无薪志愿者，处理较轻的刑事事务和部分民事工作。治安法官也称太平绅士，通常两到三人组成合议庭，并由合格的法律书记官提供法律建议。
Jury: A group of 12 randomly selected citizens who decide the facts of a criminal case in the Crown Court and reach a verdict (guilty or not guilty). Juries symbolise public participation in the justice system and safeguard against state oppression by providing a check on judicial power.
陪审团：由12名随机选出的公民组成，在刑事法院负责裁定案件事实并作出裁决（有罪或无罪）。陪审团象征着公众对司法系统的参与，通过对司法权力制衡来防止国家压迫。
5. Criminal Law Terms | 刑法术语
Actus reus: The ‘guilty act’ – the physical element of a crime, which can be an act, an omission, or a state of affairs. For example, in theft, the actus reus is the appropriation of property belonging to another.
犯罪行为 (Actus reus)：’犯行’——犯罪的物理要素，可以是一种作为、不作为或状态。例如，在盗窃罪中，犯罪行为是侵占他人财产。
Mens rea: The ‘guilty mind’ – the mental element required for a crime, such as intention, recklessness, or criminal negligence. Some offences require a specific intention (e.g., murder), while others can be satisfied by recklessness.
犯罪意图 (Mens rea)：’犯意’——犯罪所要求的心理要素，如故意、轻率或刑事疏忽。有些罪名要求特定故意（如谋杀），有些则可通过轻率满足。
Strict liability: Offences where the prosecution does not need to prove mens rea for at least one element of the actus reus. These are mainly regulatory or public welfare offences, such as selling food past its use-by date. Even if the defendant took all reasonable steps, they can be convicted.
严格责任：对于犯罪行为的至少一个要素，控方无需证明犯罪意图的罪行。这类主要是监管或公共福利性犯罪，如销售过期食品。即使被告采取了所有合理措施，仍可被定罪。
Indictable offence: The most serious category of criminal offence, tried in the Crown Court before a judge and jury. Examples include murder, manslaughter, and robbery. These offences carry the heaviest maximum penalties.
可公诉罪：最严重的一类刑事罪行，在刑事法院由法官和陪审团审理。例 如谋杀、过失杀人和抢劫。这些罪行可判处最严厉的刑罚。
Summary offence: A minor criminal offence that is tried in the Magistrates’ Court. The maximum sentence is generally less severe. Common examples are common assault, minor criminal damage, and most road traffic offences.
简易罪：在治安法院审理的轻微刑事罪行。一般最高刑罚较轻。常见的例子有普通袭击、轻微刑事毁坏和大多数道路交通违法行为。
Either-way offence: Offences that can be tried either in the Magistrates’ Court or the Crown Court, depending on the defendant’s plea and the magistrates’ assessment of seriousness. Theft and burglary are typical either-way offences. If the magistrates find the case too serious, they send it to the Crown Court.
可选择审判方式的罪行：既可在治安法院也可在刑事法院审理的罪行，取决于被告的抗辩和治安法官对严重性的评估。盗窃和入室盗窃是常见的此类罪行。如果治安法官认为案情过于严重，可移送刑事法院。
6. Civil Law Terms | 民法术语
Claimant: The party who initiates a civil lawsuit by bringing a claim against another person or entity. The claimant alleges that the defendant’s actions or omissions caused harm or loss and seeks a legal remedy.
原告：通过向他人或实体提出索赔而启动民事诉讼的一方。原告声称被告的作为或不作为导致了损害或损失，并寻求法律救济。
Defendant (Civil): The party against whom a civil claim is brought. In a civil trial, the defendant attempts to defend against the claim, either by denying liability, raising a defence, or arguing that the claimant has not proved their case on the balance of probabilities.
被告（民事）：被提起民事诉讼的一方。在民事审判中，被告试图抗辩，可能通过否认责任、提出抗辩事由，或主张原告未能按可能性权衡标准证明其案情。
Balance of probabilities: The standard of proof in civil cases. The claimant must show that it is more likely than not (i.e., more than 50% probability) that the defendant is liable. This is a lower standard than ‘beyond reasonable doubt’ used in criminal trials.
可能性权衡：民事案件的证明标准。原告必须证明被告承担责任的可能性大于不可能性（即超过50%的概率）。该标准低于刑事审判中使用的“排除合理疑点”。
Tort: A civil wrong (other than breach of contract) that causes harm to another person, for which the law provides a remedy. Negligence, trespass, and defamation are common torts. The injured party can sue for damages or seek an injunction.
侵权：一种导致他人损害的民事过错行为（非违约行为），法律为此提供救济。过失、侵入和诽谤是常见侵权类型。受害方可起诉请求损害赔偿或寻求禁令。
Negligence: A tort arising when a person fails to exercise reasonable care, causing foreseeable injury to another to whom a duty of care was owed. To succeed in a negligence claim, the claimant must establish duty, breach, causation, and remoteness of damage.
过失：当某人未能行使合理注意，导致对有注意义务的另一方造成可预见伤害时产生的侵权。要成功提起过失索赔，原告必须证明存在注意义务、违反义务、因果关系和损害非远因。
Damages: The primary remedy in civil law, consisting of a monetary award paid by the defendant to the claimant to compensate for loss or injury. The aim is to put the claimant in the position they would have been in had the wrong not occurred.
损害赔偿金：民法中的主要救济方式，由被告支付给原告以补偿损失或伤害的金钱赔偿。其目的是使原告处于如同不法行为未曾发生的状态。
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