Media Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 媒体词汇术语速记指南

📚 Media Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 媒体词汇术语速记指南

Welcome to your essential media terminology guide for Year 9 Edexcel Media Studies. This resource is designed to help you memorise and apply key vocabulary with confidence, whether you are analysing a film poster, a TV advert, or a magazine cover. Each term is explained in plain English, followed by a practical example, so you can build a strong foundation for your media analysis skills.

欢迎使用你的 Year 9 Edexcel 媒体研究必备术语速记指南。本资源旨在帮助你自信地记忆和运用关键词汇，无论你是在分析电影海报、电视广告还是杂志封面。每个术语都先用简单易懂的英文解释，并附上实例说明，以便你为媒体分析技能打下扎实基础。

1. Media Text and Code | 媒体文本与代码

A media text is any media product we can analyse, such as a film, a music video, a video game, or a social media post. Texts communicate meaning through codes: visual codes (colour, lighting, costume), audio codes (dialogue, music, sound effects), and written codes (headlines, captions, taglines).

媒体文本是任何我们可以分析的媒体产品，例如电影、音乐视频、电子游戏或社交媒体帖子。文本通过代码传递意义：视觉代码（色彩、灯光、服装）、听觉代码（对白、音乐、音效）和书面代码（标题、说明文字、广告语）。

Think of codes as the building blocks of meaning. When you see a warm golden light on a character, the visual code of ‘warm lighting’ often suggests comfort or nostalgia. When the camera cuts suddenly during an action scene, the editing code of a ‘fast cut’ builds excitement and tension. Learning to spot these codes is the first step in decoding any media text.

把代码想象成构建意义的积木。当你看到角色身上笼罩着温暖的金色光线时，“暖光”这一视觉代码常常暗示着舒适或怀旧。当动作场景中镜头突然切换时，“快速剪辑”这一剪辑代码则营造出兴奋和紧张感。学会发现这些代码是解读任何媒体文本的第一步。

2. Genre and Convention | 类型与惯例

Genre is a category of media text defined by shared conventions. A convention is an expected feature or element that audiences recognise. For example, the horror genre has conventions such as a dark isolated setting, a mysterious villain, a high-pitched soundtrack, and jump scares. The fantasy genre often includes magical creatures, a quest, and a clear battle between good and evil.

类型是由共同惯例定义的一类媒体文本。惯例是观众能够识别出的预期特征或元素。例如，恐怖类型有黑暗孤立的场景、神秘反派、高音配乐和惊吓镜头等惯例。奇幻类型通常包括魔法生物、探寻任务以及善恶之间的明显对抗。

Genres are useful because they set up audience expectations, but media producers also play with conventions to create fresh experiences. A horror-comedy hybrid uses conventions from both genres: the dark house and a protagonist who trips while running away, adding laughter to fear. When you analyse genre, ask: what conventions are being used, challenged, or mixed?

类型之所以有用，是因为它们能设定观众的预期，但媒体制作者也会玩转惯例来创造新鲜体验。一部恐怖喜剧混合片会运用两种类型的惯例：黑漆漆的房子，以及一个逃跑时绊倒的主角，在恐惧中加入笑声。分析类型时，要问自己：哪些惯例被使用、挑战或融合了？

3. Representation and Stereotype | 再现与刻板印象

Representation is how media texts portray people, places, events, and ideas. It is not a pure reflection of reality; it is a constructed version. Every representation is a choice made by the producer. A stereotype is a simplified, often exaggerated representation of a group, repeated so often that it becomes widely recognised.

再现是指媒体文本如何描绘人物、地点、事件和观念。它不是现实的纯粹反映，而是一种建构后的版本。每一次再现都是制作者做出的选择。刻板印象是对某一群体简化、往往夸大的再现，重复出现得如此频繁，以至于变得广为人知。

For instance, a teen character might be represented as a rebellious troublemaker wearing a leather jacket and headphones — a stereotype that ignores the diversity of real teenagers. Or a news report might represent a city as ‘crime-ridden’ by selecting only violent images, creating a one-sided view. When analysing representation, consider who is included and excluded, how they are shown, and what effect this has on the audience.

例如，一个青少年角色可能被再现为穿着皮夹克、戴着耳机的叛逆捣蛋鬼——这是一种刻板印象，忽略了现实中青少年的多样性。或者一则新闻报道可能仅仅选取暴力画面，把一个城市再现为“犯罪猖獗”，制造了片面印象。分析再现时，要考虑谁被展现、谁被遗漏，他们是如何被呈现的，以及这对观众产生了什么影响。

4. Mise-en-Scène | 场景调度

Mise-en-scène is a French term meaning ‘placed in the scene’. It covers everything you can see in a single shot: setting, props, costume, makeup, lighting, colour, and the arrangement of actors. Every detail of mise-en-scène is deliberately chosen to communicate meaning.

场景调度是一个法语词，意为“置于场景中”。它涵盖了你在单个镜头中能看到的一切：场景、道具、服装、化妆、灯光、色彩以及演员的站位。场景调度的每一个细节都是经过刻意选择来传达意义的。

Imagine a scene in a wealthy character’s home: the setting is a modern penthouse, props include a sleek laptop and a fresh fruit bowl, the lighting is soft and golden, and the family wears spotless white clothing. All these elements combine to suggest cleanliness, order, and privilege. Now imagine a scene in a struggling family’s kitchen: the paint is peeling, the lighting is harsh and fluorescent, and the table holds a stack of unpaid bills. The mise-en-scène instantly tells the audience about the character’s circumstances.

想象一个富有人物家里的场景：场景是现代顶层公寓，道具包括一台时尚笔记本电脑和一碗新鲜水果，灯光柔和又金光闪闪，家人穿着洁白无瑕的衣服。所有这些元素共同暗示着洁净、秩序和优越地位。再来想象一个困难家庭厨房里的场景：墙皮剥落，灯光刺眼荧光，桌上放着一叠未付账单。场景调度立即向观众传递了人物的处境。

5. Shot Types | 镜头类型

Camera shots are defined by how much of the subject is visible and how far away the camera is. Learning the basic shot types helps you describe exactly what the audience sees and what emotion or information the shot delivers.

摄像机镜头根据被摄主体可见的程度和摄像机距离来界定。学习基本镜头类型有助于你精确描述观众所看到的内容，以及镜头传递的情绪或信息。

Extreme Long Shot (ELS) / Establishing Shot: Shows a wide landscape or cityscape, often used at the start of a scene to establish location.
极远景/定场镜头：展示广阔的风景或城市景观，常用于场景开头以交代地点。
Long Shot (LS): Shows the full human figure from head to toe, with some space above and below.
远景：从头顶到脚部展示完整人形，上下留有一定空间。
Medium Shot (MS): Frames a person from the waist up. Common for dialogue scenes and showing facial expressions.
中景：人物腰部以上取景。常用于对话场景，展现面部表情。
Close-Up (CU): Shows a person’s face or an object in detail. Creates intimacy or signals importance.
特写：细致展示人物面部或物体。创造亲密感或强调重要性。
Extreme Close-Up (ECU): Shows a small detail, such as an eye or a key in a lock. Heightens tension or mystery.
极特写：展示细小细节，如一只眼睛或锁孔中的钥匙。增强紧张感或神秘感。

In your analysis, always connect the shot type to meaning. An ECU of a tear rolling down a cheek magnifies sadness; an ELS of a tiny figure walking through a desert emphasises loneliness and scale.

在分析时，始终要把镜头类型与意义联系起来。一滴眼泪滑过面颊的极特写放大了悲伤；一个孤单身影穿越沙漠的极远景则强调了孤独与天地之大。

6. Camera Angles and Movement | 摄像角度与运动

Camera angle refers to the position of the camera relative to the subject. Angle can suggest power, vulnerability, or equality. Camera movement adds dynamism and can guide the audience’s attention.

摄像角度指摄像机相对于被摄主体的位置。角度可以暗示权力、脆弱或平等。摄像机运动会增加动感，并引导观众的注意力。

High Angle: The camera looks down on the subject, making them appear smaller, weaker, or less powerful.
高角度俯拍：摄像机俯视被摄主体，使其显得更弱小、无力。
Low Angle: The camera looks up at the subject, making them seem larger, dominant, or threatening.
低角度仰拍：摄像机仰视被摄主体，使其显得更高大、占主导或具威胁性。
Eye Level: Camera is at the same height as the character’s eyes, creating a neutral, relatable perspective.
平视角度：摄像机与人物眼睛同高，营造中立、易于共鸣的视角。
Pan: The camera swivels horizontally from a fixed point, often used to follow action or survey a scene.
摇镜：摄像机从固定点水平转动，常用于跟随动作或环视场景。
Tilt: The camera moves vertically up or down, revealing height or vertical dominance.
俯仰：摄像机垂直向上或向下移动，展现高度或垂直方向的主导感。
Tracking / Dolly Shot: The camera moves alongside the action on tracks or wheels, giving a smooth, immersive feel.
跟拍/推轨镜头：摄像机沿轨道或轮子与动体同步移动，带来流畅、身临其境的感觉。

A low angle shot of a superhero makes them look heroic and powerful; a high angle shot of the same character lying defeated on the ground shows their vulnerability. Camera movement like a slow tracking shot into a dark corridor can build suspense inch by inch.

对超级英雄的低角度仰拍让他们显得英勇强大；同一人物倒地失败时采用高角度俯拍则展现其脆弱。摄像机运动如缓慢推轨进入黑暗走廊，能一步一步营造悬疑感。

7. Editing Techniques | 剪辑技巧

Editing is the process of selecting and joining shots to create the final sequence. It controls pace, continuity, and the rhythm of the story. Basic editing transitions create different emotional effects.

剪辑是挑选并连接镜头来创建最终序列的过程。它控制着节奏、连续性和故事韵律。基本的剪辑转场能产生不同的情感效果。

Cut: The most common transition, where one shot instantaneously replaces another. Often invisible because the action flows naturally from shot to shot.
切：最常见的转场，一个镜头瞬间被另一个取代。通常不易察觉，因为动作在镜头间自然流动。
Fade: A shot gradually darkens to black (fade out) or brightens from black (fade in). Often signals the passage of time or the end of a sequence.
淡入淡出：一个镜头逐渐变暗至黑（淡出）或从黑色中逐渐变亮（淡入）。常表示时间流逝或段落收束。
Dissolve: One shot blends into another, with the two images overlapping briefly. Suggests a connection between two scenes or a dreamy, reflective mood.
溶解：一个镜头融入另一个镜头，二者短暂重叠。暗示两场景间的联系，或产生梦境、反思的氛围。
Cross-cutting / Parallel Editing: Cutting back and forth between two or more separate actions happening at the same time. Builds suspense by linking simultaneous events.
交叉剪辑/平行剪辑：在两个或多个同时发生但分处不同空间的行动之间来回切换。通过串联同步事件来营造悬念。
Montage: A series of shots edited together to condense time, show a process, or develop a theme. Often set to music.
蒙太奇：一系列镜头剪辑在一起，以浓缩时间、展示过程或发展主题。常配以音乐。

When you describe editing in your exam answer, mention the pace: ‘rapid cuts during the chase scene increase heart rate and excitement’, or ‘the slow dissolve between the childhood photo and the present-day face suggests memory and loss’.

在考试答案中描述剪辑时，要提及节奏：“追逐场景中的快速切换加快了心跳，增加了兴奋感”，或“童年照片与如今面庞之间的缓慢溶解，暗示着回忆与失落”。

8. Sound in Media | 媒体中的声音

Sound is a powerful code that shapes audience emotion and understanding. In media studies, sound is divided into diegetic sound (sound that exists within the world of the story) and non-diegetic sound (sound added for the audience only, not heard by the characters).

声音是塑造观众情感与理解的重要代码。在媒体研究中，声音分为剧情声（存在于故事世界里的声音）和非剧情声（仅为观众添加、角色听不到的声音）。

Diegetic Sound 剧情声	Non-Diegetic Sound 非剧情声
Dialogue (characters speaking)	Voiceover narration (a narrator speaks over the action)
Sound effects made by objects in the scene (a door slamming, footsteps, rain)	Musical score / soundtrack that characters cannot hear
Music coming from an on-screen radio or headphones	Sound effects added for dramatic emphasis (a ‘whoosh’ during a text reveal)

Sound can also be parallel (matching the mood of the scene, e.g. cheerful music during a happy moment) or contrapuntal (contrasting with the visuals, e.g. upbeat music played over a violent sequence to create an unsettling effect). Always ask: what does the sound add to the audience’s experience?

声音还可以是同步的（与场景情绪吻合，如欢乐时刻的欢快音乐）或对位的（与画面形成对比，如暴力场景配上欢快音乐以制造不安效果）。永远要问自己：声音为观众体验增添了些什么？

9. Narrative Structure | 叙事结构

Narrative is the storytelling structure that organises events into a sequence. Many media texts follow a traditional linear narrative, moving from a beginning through a middle to an end. Others use a non-linear narrative, jumping between time frames or starting at the climax and then flashing back.

叙事是将事件组织成序列的讲故事结构。许多媒体文本遵循传统的线性叙事，从开头到中间再到结尾。另一些则使用非线性叙事，在不同时间点之间跳跃，或者从高潮开始再回溯。

A classic model for analysing narrative is Todorov’s Equilibrium Theory:

Equilibrium → Disruption → Recognition → Attempt to Repair → New Equilibrium

分析叙事的经典模型是托多罗夫均衡理论：

均衡 → 打破 → 察觉 → 尝试修复 → 新的均衡

For example, a superhero film may begin with a peaceful city (equilibrium), a villain attacks (disruption), the hero learns of the threat (recognition), fights back (attempt to repair), and peace is restored but the hero has changed (new equilibrium). Recognising this pattern helps you understand the narrative structure of many mainstream media texts.

例如，一部超级英雄电影可能如此展开：一座平静的城市（均衡），反派发起攻击（打破），英雄得知威胁（察觉），展开反击（尝试修复），和平得以恢复但英雄已发生改变（新的均衡）。识别这一模式有助于理解许多主流媒体文本的叙事结构。

10. Audience and Demographics | 观众与人口统计学

Audience refers to the people who consume a media text. Producers target specific audiences based on demographics (measurable characteristics such as age, gender, income, education) and psychographics (attitudes, values, interests, lifestyle). Understanding the target audience helps to design content that appeals to them.

观众是指消费媒体文本的人群。制作者根据人口统计学（可测量的特征，如年龄、性别、收入、教育程度）和心理图示（态度、价值观、兴趣、生活方式）来定位目标观众。理解目标观众有助于设计吸引他们的内容。

A magazine targeting teenagers aged 13–16 might use bright colours, informal language, pop music features, and cheap price points, while a news programme aimed at older adults might use a formal tone, instrumental theme music, and cover health and finance topics. When analysing audience appeals, consider what content, style, and values the text uses to connect with its viewers.

一本面向13-16岁青少年的杂志可能会使用鲜艳色彩、非正式语言、流行音乐专题以及低廉售价；而一档面向年长成人的新闻节目则可能采用正式语调、器乐主题曲，并报道健康和财经话题。分析观众吸引力时，要考虑文本运用了哪些内容、风格和价值观来与受众建立联系。

11. Media Language Quick Reference Table | 媒体语言速查表

Here is a compact reference table of essential Year 9 terminology you can use for quick revision. Try covering the definition side and testing yourself!

这里有一份紧凑的 Year 9 核心术语速查表，可供快速复习使用。试着遮住定义一侧来考考自己吧！

Term 术语	Definition 定义
Connotation	The deeper or associated meaning of a sign (e.g. red connotes danger, passion). 符号的深层或联想意义（如红色象征危险、激情）。
Denotation	The literal, surface meaning of a sign (e.g. a red rose is a flower). 符号的字面意义（如红玫瑰是一朵花）。
Target Audience	The specific group of people a media product is aimed at. 媒体产品所针对的特定人群。
Stereotype	An oversimplified, often repeated idea about a group. 对某一群体过于简单、经常重复的看法。
Convention	A common feature or rule of a genre. 类型的常见特征或规则。
Close-up (CU)	Shows a person’s face or detailed object. 展示人物面部或物体的细节。
Establishing Shot	A wide shot that sets the scene. 交代场景的宽广镜头。
Diegetic	Sound from within the story world. 来自故事世界内的声音。
Non-Diegetic	Sound added for the audience, outside the story world. 为观众添加、在故事世界外的声音。
Narrative	The structure of the story. 故事的结构。

12. Tips for Exam Success | 考试成功小贴士

When answering Edexcel media questions, always use terminology precisely. Instead of saying ‘the camera is close’, write ‘the close-up reveals the character’s tear-streaked face, symbolising grief’. Instead of ‘the music is sad’, write ‘the minor-key non-diegetic soundtrack creates a melancholic atmosphere’.

回答 Edexcel 媒体问题时，始终要精确使用术语。与其写“镜头很近”，不如写“特写揭示了人物泪痕满面，象征着悲伤”。与其写“音乐很悲伤”，不如写“小调的非剧情声配乐营造出忧郁的氛围”。

Also remember the P-E-A structure: Point (identify the technique), Evidence (describe the example from the text), Analysis (explain the effect on the audience or the meaning created). Practice by analysing everyday media around you — adverts on the bus, film trailers on your phone, album covers — and naming the codes, conventions, and representations you see. The more you practice, the more natural it will become.

同时记住 P-E-A 结构：观点（指出所用技巧），证据（描述文本中的例子），分析（解释对观众产生的效果或所创造的意义）。通过分析你身边的日常媒体来练习——公交车上的广告、手机上的电影预告片、专辑封面——并说出你看到的代码、惯例和再现。练习越多，就会变得越自然。

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Media Terminology Quick Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 媒体词汇术语速记指南