Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide for Year 9 SQA Physical Education | Year 9 SQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Guide for Year 9 SQA Physical Education | Year 9 SQA 体育：词汇术语速记指南

In SQA Physical Education, mastering the correct vocabulary is essential for understanding concepts, analysing performance, and answering exam questions effectively. This quick guide presents key terms organised by topic, with simple definitions to help you learn and remember them.

在SQA体育课程中，掌握正确的术语对于理解概念、分析表现以及有效回答考试问题至关重要。本速记指南按主题整理了关键术语，并附带简单定义，帮助你学习和记忆。

---

1. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体能组成

Health-related fitness components are the physical attributes that contribute to your overall health. They are often measured in fitness tests and form the foundation of any training programme.

健康相关体能组成是构成整体健康水平的身体属性。它们常在体能测试中测量，并构成任何训练计划的基础。

Cardiovascular Endurance: The ability of the heart, lungs, and blood vessels to deliver oxygen to working muscles during sustained activity. Good cardiovascular endurance allows a performer to keep going without getting tired quickly.

心肺耐力: 心脏、肺部和血管在持续运动中向工作肌肉输送氧气的能力。良好的心肺耐力能让运动员长时间运动而不易疲劳。

Muscular Strength: The maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction. It is important for activities such as weightlifting, rugby scrums, and sprint starts.

肌肉力量: 一块肌肉或肌群在单次收缩中能产生的最大力量。它对举重、橄榄球争球和短跑起跑等活动至关重要。

Muscular Endurance: The ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions against a light resistance over a period of time. It is needed for events like long-distance rowing and repeated bodyweight exercises.

肌肉耐力: 一块肌肉或肌群在一段时间内对抗较轻阻力进行反复收缩的能力。长距离划船和体重循环训练等需要这种能力。

Flexibility: The range of movement possible at a joint. It helps prevent injuries and allows skills to be performed with a full range of motion, such as in gymnastics or hurdling.

柔韧性: 关节能够达到的活动幅度。它有助于预防损伤，并允许在体操或跨栏等项目中以完整幅度完成动作。

Body Composition: The proportion of fat, muscle, bone, and other tissues that make up the body. A healthy body composition usually involves a lower percentage of body fat and a higher percentage of lean muscle mass.

身体成分: 脂肪、肌肉、骨骼和其他组织在身体中所占的比例。健康的身体成分通常体脂百分比较低，瘦体重百分比较高。

---

2. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体能组成

Skill-related fitness components affect how well you can perform and learn sports skills. They are especially important in activities requiring quick movements, coordination, and control.

技能相关体能组成影响你完成与学习运动技能的质量。它们在需要快速移动、协调和控制的活动中尤为重要。

Agility: The ability to change direction quickly and effectively while maintaining control of the body. It is vital in sports like football, basketball, and badminton.

敏捷性: 快速有效地改变方向并保持身体控制的能力。它在足球、篮球和羽毛球等运动中至关重要。

Balance: The ability to keep the centre of mass over the base of support, whether stationary (static balance) or moving (dynamic balance). Gymnasts, dancers, and surfers require excellent balance.

平衡能力: 在静止（静态平衡）或移动（动态平衡）中将身体重心保持在支撑面内的能力。体操运动员、舞者和冲浪者需要出色的平衡能力。

Coordination: The smooth and efficient working together of different parts of the body to produce a controlled movement. Hand-eye coordination is essential for catching and striking balls.

协调性: 身体不同部位流畅、高效地协同工作以产生受控动作的能力。手眼协调对于接球和击球至关重要。

Power: The combination of strength and speed – the ability to exert maximum force quickly. Explosive events like jumping, throwing, and sprinting all rely on power.

爆发力: 力量与速度的结合，即快速发挥最大力量的能力。跳跃、投掷和冲刺等爆发性项目都依赖爆发力。

Reaction Time: The time taken to respond to a stimulus. A sprinter reacting to the starting pistol or a goalkeeper diving to save a penalty needs fast reaction time.

反应时: 对刺激作出反应所需的时间。对发令枪作出反应的短跑运动员或扑点球的守门员都需要快速的反应时。

Speed: The ability to move the body or body parts quickly from one point to another. It can refer to whole-body speed or limb speed, and is a key factor in many team and individual sports.

速度: 身体或身体部位从一点快速移动到另一点的能力。它可以指整体移动速度或肢体速度，是许多团体和个人项目中的关键因素。

---

3. Principles of Training (SPORT & FITT) | 训练原则（SPORT 与 FITT）

Principles of training guide how to safely and effectively improve fitness. SPORT and FITT are two useful acronyms to remember the key factors.

训练原则指导如何安全有效地提高体能。SPORT 和 FITT 是两个帮助记忆关键因素的有用首字母缩略词。

Specificity (S): Training must be relevant to the sport, the energy systems used, and the individual’s needs. A long-distance runner should focus on cardiovascular endurance rather than maximal strength.

专项性: 训练必须与运动项目、所涉及的能量系统以及个人需求相关。长跑运动员应着重发展心肺耐力，而不是最大力量。

Progression (P): To keep improving, the training load must be gradually increased over time. If you always run the same distance at the same pace, your body stops adapting.

渐进性: 为了持续进步，训练负荷必须随时间的推移逐渐增加。如果你始终以同等配速跑相同距离，身体就会停止适应。

Overload (O): For fitness gains to occur, the body must work harder than it is accustomed to. This can be achieved by manipulating frequency, intensity, time, or type of exercise.

超负荷: 要获得体能提升，身体必须承受比平时更大的运动负荷。这可以通过调整运动频率、强度、时间或类型来实现。

Reversibility (R): Fitness levels are lost when training stops or is significantly reduced. Often summarised as ‘use it or lose it’, reversibility means you cannot store fitness for long.

可逆性: 停止训练或训练量显著减少时，体能水平会下降。常被称为’用进废退’，可逆性意味着体能无法长期储存。

Tedium (T): Boredom from repetitive training can reduce motivation and performance. Varying training methods, drills, and environments helps to prevent tedium.

多样性: 重复训练产生的厌倦会降低积极性和表现。变化训练方法、练习内容和环境有助于避免训练单调。

FITT Principle: Frequency (how often), Intensity (how hard), Time (how long), and Type (what kind of exercise). These four variables are adjusted to apply the overload principle safely.

FITT 原则: 频率（多久一次）、强度（多难）、时间（多长时间）、类型（哪种运动）。通过调整这四个变量可以安全地应用超负荷原则。

---

4. Major Bones and Muscles | 主要骨骼与肌肉

Knowing the names and locations of key bones and muscles helps you analyse movement and understand how the body produces force. Below are the most commonly referenced ones in SQA PE.

了解主要骨骼和肌肉的名称与位置有助于分析动作并理解身体如何产生力量。以下是SQA体育中最常涉及的骨骼和肌肉。

Cranium (颅骨): Protects the brain and forms the structure of the head.

颅骨: 保护大脑并构成头部结构。

Clavicle (锁骨) and Scapula (肩胛骨): Together form the shoulder girdle; the clavicle is the collarbone, and the scapula is the shoulder blade.

锁骨与肩胛骨: 共同构成肩带；锁骨位于胸前，肩胛骨位于背部上方。

Sternum (胸骨) and Ribs (肋骨): Protect the heart and lungs and provide attachment for chest muscles.

胸骨与肋骨: 保护心脏和肺，并为胸部肌肉提供附着点。

Humerus (肱骨), Radius (桡骨) and Ulna (尺骨): Bones of the upper and lower arm. The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm, while radius and ulna are the forearm bones.

肱骨、桡骨和尺骨: 上臂与前臂的骨骼。肱骨是上臂的长骨，桡骨和尺骨构成前臂。

Pelvis (骨盆): A large, basin-shaped structure that supports the spine and transfers weight to the legs.

骨盆: 一个盆状大结构，支撑脊柱并将体重传递到腿部。

Femur (股骨), Patella (髌骨), Tibia (胫骨) and Fibula (腓骨): The femur is the thigh bone and the strongest bone in the body. The patella is the kneecap. The tibia and fibula are the lower leg bones; the tibia bears most of the weight.

股骨、髌骨、胫骨和腓骨: 股骨是大腿骨，也是人体最强壮的骨骼。髌骨即膝盖骨。胫骨和腓骨是小腿骨，胫骨承受大部分体重。

Biceps (肱二头肌) and Triceps (肱三头肌): Located at the front and back of the upper arm. They work as an antagonistic pair to flex and extend the elbow.

肱二头肌和肱三头肌: 位于上臂前侧和后侧。它们作为拮抗肌协同工作，完成肘关节的屈伸。

Deltoid (三角肌): The rounded muscle covering the shoulder, responsible for lifting the arm.

三角肌: 覆盖肩部的圆形肌肉，负责抬臂动作。

Pectorals (胸大肌): The large chest muscles that help push the arms forward and together.

胸大肌: 胸部大肌肉，协助将手臂向前和向内收拢。

Abdominals (腹肌): A group of muscles in the stomach area that stabilise the trunk and help bend the spine forward.

腹肌: 腹部的一组肌肉，稳定躯干并帮助脊柱前屈。

Quadriceps (股四头肌) and Hamstrings (腘绳肌): The quadriceps are on the front of the thigh and extend the knee; the hamstrings are on the back of the thigh and flex the knee.

股四头肌和腘绳肌: 股四头肌位于大腿前侧，伸展膝关节；腘绳肌位于大腿后侧，屈曲膝关节。

Gastrocnemius (腓肠肌): The calf muscle that points the toes down (plantar flexion), important for running and jumping.

腓肠肌: 小腿肚肌肉，使脚趾下压（跖屈），对跑、跳至关重要。

Gluteals (臀肌) and Latissimus Dorsi (背阔肌): Gluteals power hip extension, latissimus dorsi are broad back muscles that pull the arms down and back.

臀肌和背阔肌: 臀肌驱动髋关节伸展，背阔肌是宽阔的背部肌肉，将手臂向下和向后拉动。

---

5. Joints and Movement Types | 关节与运动类型

Joints are where two or more bones meet. Different types of joint allow different ranges and directions of movement. Being able to name joint actions is essential for movement analysis.

关节是两块或多块骨骼的交汇处。不同类型的关节允许不同范围和方向的运动。能说出关节动作对于动作分析必不可少。

Ball and Socket Joint: Allows movement in almost all directions, including rotation. Examples are the shoulder and hip.

球窝关节: 允许几乎各个方向的运动，包括旋转。如肩关节和髋关节。

Hinge Joint: Allows movement in one plane only, like the opening and closing of a door. Examples are the elbow and knee.

屈戌关节（铰链关节）: 只允许在一个平面上运动，如同门的开合。如肘关节和膝关节。

Pivot Joint: Allows rotation around a single axis. An example is the joint between the first and second vertebrae in the neck, allowing the head to turn.

车轴关节: 允许绕单一轴旋转。例如颈部第一和第二颈椎之间的关节，使头部可以转动。

Gliding Joint: Allows bones to slide over one another, producing limited movement in multiple directions. Found in the wrists and ankles.

滑动关节: 允许骨骼相互滑动，在多个方向上产生有限运动。见于手腕和脚踝。

Flexion and Extension: Flexion decreases the angle at a joint (e.g. bending the elbow), while extension increases that angle (e.g. straightening the knee).

屈曲与伸展: 屈曲减小关节的角度（如弯曲肘部），伸展则增大关节角度（如伸直膝盖）。

Abduction and Adduction: Abduction moves a limb away from the midline of the body, adduction moves it towards the midline.

外展与内收: 外展使肢体远离身体中线，内收使肢体靠近身体中线。

Rotation: Turning a body part around its long axis, such as turning the head to look over the shoulder or rotating the trunk.

旋转: 绕身体部位长轴转动，例如转头看肩膀或躯干旋转。

Circumduction, Plantar Flexion and Dorsiflexion: Circumduction is a cone-shaped combination of movements at a ball and socket joint. Plantar flexion points the toes down, dorsiflexion lifts them up.

环转、跖屈与背屈: 环转是球窝关节处圆锥形的组合运动。跖屈使脚尖下压，背屈使脚尖抬起。

---

6. Performance Analysis Key Terms | 表现分析关键词

Analysing performance involves collecting information to identify strengths and weaknesses and plan improvements. These terms appear frequently in SQA questions.

表现分析涉及收集信息以确定优势与不足并制定改进计划。这些术语经常出现在SQA考题中。

Observation Schedule: A pre-designed recording sheet used to note how often, how well, or in what context certain skills or behaviours occur during a performance.

观察记录表: 预先设计的记录表，用于记录某些技能或行为在表现中出现的频率、质量或情境。

Quantitative Data: Numerical information that can be measured objectively, such as times, distances, heart rates, or the number of successful passes.

定量数据: 可客观测量的数值信息，如时间、距离、心率或成功传球次数。

Qualitative Data: Descriptive information that provides detail about the quality of a performance, often collected through video analysis or coach feedback.

定性数据: 提供表现质量细节的描述性信息，常通过视频分析或教练反馈收集。

Strengths and Weaknesses: A strength is an aspect of performance that is well-developed and effective; a weakness is an area that limits overall effectiveness and requires improvement.

优势与不足: 优势是表现中发展良好且有效的一面；不足则是限制整体效果并需改进的方面。

Formative Assessment: Ongoing checks during a block of work that help you adjust performance before a final judgement. It is usually informal and provides immediate feedback.

形成性评估: 在一段学习期间进行的持续检查，帮助你在最终评价前调整表现。通常是非正式的，并提供即时反馈。

Summative Assessment: An evaluation of performance at the end of a unit or course, often resulting in a grade or mark. In SQA PE, this could be a practical performance or written exam.

终结性评估: 在单元或课程结束时对表现进行的评价，通常给出等级或分数。在SQA体育中，可能是实践表现或笔试。

---

7. Tactics and Strategies in Team Sports | 集体项目中的战术策略

Tactics are planned actions or methods used to gain an advantage during a game. Understanding these terms helps you explain decision-making in performance analysis.

战术是为在比赛中取得优势而采取的计划行动或方法。理解这些术语有助于你在表现分析中解释决策过程。

Man-to-Man Marking: Each defender is assigned to mark a specific opponent, following their movements closely to prevent them from receiving the ball or scoring.

人盯人防守: 每名防守队员被指派盯防一名特定对手，紧跟其移动，阻止其接球或得分。

Zone Defence: Defenders are responsible for guarding a specific area of the pitch or court rather than marking an individual player. They challenge any opponent who enters their zone.

区域防守: 防守队员负责守卫场上特定区域，而不是盯防某一名球员。他们对进入自己区域的任何对手进行防守。

Counter-Attack: Transitioning rapidly from defence to attack when the opposition loses possession, aiming to exploit gaps before they can reorganise.

快速反击: 对方失去球权时，从防守迅速转为进攻，旨在利用对方重组前的空当。

Pressing: Applying high-intensity pressure on the ball carrier and nearby opponents to force mistakes or win back possession quickly.

高位逼抢: 对持球队员及其附近的对手施加高强度压力，以迫使对方

Published by TutorHao | Year 9 体育 Revision Series | aleveler.com

更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）