📚 Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Memory Guide for Year 8 CAIE Philosophy | Year 8 CAIE 哲学：词汇术语速记指南
Philosophy is built on precise language, and mastering its key terms is the first step to thinking clearly about big questions. This guide provides essential vocabulary for Year 8 CAIE Philosophy, grouped by topic, with simple definitions and memory tricks. Each term is presented in English and Chinese, followed by a quick recall aid to help you remember not just the word, but its meaning.
哲学建立在精确的语言之上，掌握关键术语是清晰思考大问题的第一步。本指南为 Year 8 CAIE 哲学整理核心词汇，按主题分类，配有简单定义和记忆窍门。每个术语均提供中英文释义及快速助记法，帮助你不仅记住词汇，更理解其含义。
1. What is Philosophy? | 哲学是什么？
Philosophy: From Greek ‘philo-‘ (love) and ‘sophia’ (wisdom), philosophy is the love of wisdom and the activity of asking fundamental questions about existence, knowledge, values and reason. Think of it as a ‘wisdom search engine’.
哲学：来自希腊语“爱”(philo-)与“智慧”(sophia)，哲学是对智慧的热爱，是对存在、知识、价值与理性等根本问题的探究。可将其想象为一个“智慧搜索引擎”。
Philosopher: A person who seeks wisdom and systematically examines the most basic concepts. Memory aid: a philosopher ‘filters’ assumptions.
哲学家：探求智慧并系统考察基本概念的人。记忆法：哲学家会“过滤”各种假设。
Wisdom: Not just knowledge, but the ability to apply understanding and make good judgments in complex situations. Link it with ‘wise dome’ – a wise mind under a dome of calm.
智慧：不仅是知识，更是在复杂情境中运用理解并作出良好判断的能力。可联想“智慧穹顶”——平静的穹顶下有一颗明智的心。
2. Arguments and Reasoning | 论证与推理
Argument: A set of statements where one or more statements (premises) are offered as reasons to believe another statement (conclusion). Picture an argument as a ‘bridge’ from evidence to claim.
论证：一组陈述，其中一个或多个陈述（前提）被作为相信另一个陈述（结论）的理由。可将论证想象为从证据通往主张的“桥梁”。
Premise: A statement that provides support or evidence in an argument. The prefix ‘pre-‘ suggests ‘before’ – premises come before the conclusion to support it.
前提：在论证中提供支持或证据的陈述。前缀“pre-”表示“在…之前”——前提在结论之前出现以提供支撑。
Conclusion: The statement that an argument aims to prove or support. It is the ‘destination’ of the reasoning chain. Think ‘con-‘ (with) + ‘clusion’ (close) – it closes the argument.
结论：论证旨在证明或支持的陈述，是推理链的“终点”。可拆解为“con-”（共同）和“clusion”（关闭）——它收束整个论证。
Inference: The mental process of moving from premises to a conclusion. When you infer, you ‘carry’ information forward. Link with ‘infer’ sounding like ‘in fur’ – pulling hidden meaning out of a furry coat.
推理：从前提走向结论的思维过程。当你推断时，你是在“搬运”信息。可将“infer”联想为从毛皮大衣里掏出隐藏含义。
3. Validity and Soundness | 有效性与可靠性
Valid (Validity): An argument is valid if, assuming the premises are true, the conclusion must be true. It is about logical structure, not actual truth. To remember, think of a ‘valid ticket’ – it follows the correct form, but might not guarantee entrance if it is fake.
有效的（有效性）：一个论证是有效的，当假定前提为真时，结论必然为真。这关乎逻辑结构，而非实际真假。可联想“有效票”——格式正确，但若是假票仍无法入场。
Sound: A sound argument is valid and has all true premises. So it follows that the conclusion is actually true. Sound = valid + true facts. Mnemonic: ‘Sound’ like a healthy body – both structure and parts work.
可靠的：一个可靠的论证既有效，且所有前提为真，因此结论实际上为真。可靠 = 有效 + 真实事实。助记：声音(Sound)健康——结构与零件都正常。
Deductive argument: An argument that aims to guarantee the conclusion if premises are true. It moves from general rules to specific cases. Think of a deductive funnel where the conclusion is forced out.
演绎论证：旨在保证如果前提为真结论必然为真的论证。它从一般规则推导到具体个例。可想象一个演绎漏斗，结论被强行挤压出来。
Inductive argument: An argument where premises provide probable support for a conclusion. It moves from specific observations to a generalisation. Memory trick: ‘Inductive’ like ‘introduction’ of a pattern; it is never 100% certain.
归纳论证：前提为结论提供可能性支持的论证。它从具体观察走向一般概括。记忆法：“归纳”如同“引入”一种模式；它永远不是百分之百确定。
4. Logical Fallacies | 逻辑谬误
Ad hominem: Attacking the person making an argument rather than the argument itself. Latin for ‘to the person’. Imagine a debate where someone shouts ‘You are wrong because you have funny hair!’ – that is ad hominem.
人身攻击：攻击提出论证的人而非论证本身。拉丁语意为“针对人”。想象辩论中有人喊“你错了因为你发型可笑！”——这就是人身攻击。
Straw man: Misrepresenting someone’s argument to make it easier to attack. You build a ‘straw man’ version of their view. Picture a scarecrow that looks like a real opponent but is easily knocked down.
稻草人谬误：歪曲某人的论证以便更容易攻击。你树立对手观点的“稻草人”版本。想象一个稻草人看似真人却一推即倒。
False dilemma: Presenting only two options when more exist. Also called ‘either-or fallacy’. Remember it as a ‘black-and-white trap’ that ignores grey areas.
假两难谬误：仅呈现两个选项而实际上存在更多。也称“非此即彼谬误”。可记作忽略灰色地带的“黑白陷阱”。
Slippery slope: Claiming that one small step will inevitably lead to a chain of disastrous events without sufficient evidence. Picture a tiny slide turning into an uncontrollable ice slope.
滑坡谬误：声称一小步将不可避免地导致一连串灾难事件，但缺乏充分证据。想象一个小滑梯变成不可控的冰坡。
5. Ethics: Key Theories | 伦理学核心理论
Utilitarianism: The ethical theory that the right action is the one that produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number. Think ‘utility’ meaning usefulness in creating happiness. Mnemonic: ‘You-till-it-arianism’ – you keep working till everyone is happy.
功利主义：认为正当行为是能为最大多数人带来最大幸福的行为的伦理学理论。将“效用”理解为创造幸福的有用性。助记：你一直努力直到人人幸福。
Deontology: The theory that duty and rules are the basis of morality, not consequences. From Greek ‘deon’ (duty). Remember ‘Deon’ sounds like ‘duty on’, so duties are always switched on.
道义论：认为义务与规则是道德基础而非后果的伦理理论。源自希腊语“deon”（义务）。可记作“义务始终开启”。
Virtue ethics: An approach focused on the character and virtues of the moral agent rather than rules or results. Key question: ‘What kind of person should I become?’ Think of a ‘virtue circle’ – good habits make a good person.
美德伦理：关注道德主体的品格与美德而非规则或后果的伦理进路。核心问题：“我应成为怎样的人？”想象一个“美德循环”——好习惯塑造好人。
Consequentialism: Any ethical theory that judges actions solely by their outcomes or consequences. Utilitarianism is a form of consequentialism. Picture a scale weighing only results, not intentions.
后果论：仅以结果或后果来评判行为的任何伦理理论。功利主义是后果论的一种。可想象一台只称量结果的天平，不考虑意图。
6. Moral Concepts: Good, Right and Evil | 道德概念：善、正当与恶
Good (noun, adjective): That which is morally excellent, beneficial or desirable. In philosophy, ‘good’ is often analysed as the ultimate aim of action. Memory hook: ‘Good’ shares its root with ‘gather’ – what we gather as valuable.
善：道德上卓越、有益或值得追求的东西。在哲学中，“善”常被分析为行为的最终目标。记忆钩子：“善”与“集”同源——我们汇集为有价值之物。
Right: An action that is morally permissible or obligatory. It is about correct doing, not just feeling. Link with ‘right hand’ – tradition associates the right side with correctness.
正当（对的）：道德上被允许或必需的行为。关乎正确的行动，而非仅仅感受。可联想“右手”——传统将右边与正确关联。
Evil: Profound immorality, cruelty or wickedness, often seen as the opposite of good. Think of ‘Evil’ as ‘Live’ spelled backwards – a reverse of moral life.
恶：深刻的非道德、残忍或邪恶，常被视为善的对立面。可将Evil看作Live（生活）的倒写——道德生活的颠倒。
Moral vs Immoral: ‘Moral’ refers to principles of right and wrong behaviour, while ‘immoral’ means violating those principles. Mnemonic: ‘Immoral’ = ‘I am moral? No!’
道德的 vs 不道德的：“道德的”指涉及正当与错误行为的原则，“不道德的”则指违反这些原则。助记：“我不道德吗？不！”
7. Knowledge and Belief | 知识与信念
Knowledge: Traditionally defined as ‘justified true belief’. To know something, you must believe it, it must be true, and you must have good reasons. Picture a three-legged stool: belief, truth and justification.
知识：传统定义为“得到证成的真信念”。要知道某事物，你必须相信它，它必须为真，且你须有充分理由。想象一张三条腿的凳子：信念、真理与证成。
Belief: An attitude that something is the case, or a proposition is true. It does not require proof. Link ‘belief’ with ‘lieve’ (old meaning ‘to love’) – we often believe what we hold dear.
信念：认为某事为实的心理态度，或一个命题为真。它不要求证据。将“belief”关联到“lieve”（古义“喜爱”）——我们常相信我们珍视的东西。
Justification: The reasons or evidence that support a belief, making it rational. A justified belief is one you have a right to hold. Think of ‘just-if-i-cation’ – showing just why it is so.
证成：支持信念的理由或证据，使之成为理性的。一个得到证成的信念是你有权持有的信念。可拆解为“just-if-i-cation”——说明为何如此。
Truth: Correspondence of a statement to reality. A true claim matches the facts. Memory aid: ‘Truth’ sounds like ‘truest’ – the most faithful account.
真理：陈述与实在的符合。一个真主张与事实相符。助记：真理即最忠实的叙述。
8. Empiricism and Rationalism | 经验论与唯理论
Empiricism: The view that all knowledge ultimately comes from sense experience. The mind is a blank slate (tabula rasa) at birth. Visualise an ’empire of the senses’ that builds knowledge.
经验论：认为所有知识最终来自感官经验的观点。心灵出生时是一块白板(tabula rasa)。可视化一个“感官帝国”构建知识。
Rationalism: The theory that reason is the chief source of knowledge, independent of sense experience. Certain truths are innate or accessed by intuition. Remember ‘ratio’ – reason gives the ratio of certainty.
唯理论：认为理性是知识的主要来源，独立于感官经验的理论。一些真理是天赋的或通过直觉获取。联想“ratio”（比率）——理性给出确定性的比率。
A priori: Knowledge or justification independent of experience. For example, ‘All bachelors are unmarried’ is known a priori. ‘Prior’ to experience – you know it before checking the world.
先验的：独立于经验的认知或证成。例如，“所有单身汉都未婚”是先验可知的。在经验“之前”你就知道，无需查看世界。
A posteriori: Knowledge that depends on experience or empirical evidence. ‘Posterior’ (after) experience. Picture a scientist looking through a microscope to gain a posteriori knowledge.
后验的：依赖于经验或经验证据的知识。在经验“之后”。想象科学家通过显微镜获得后验知识。
9. Mind and Body | 心与身
Dualism: The view that mind and body are two fundamentally different substances. Most famously associated with Descartes. Think ‘dual’ meaning two – mind and body are a duo that cannot be reduced to one.
二元论：认为心灵与身体是两种根本不同实体的观点。最常与笛卡尔关联。联想“dual”（双的）——心灵与身体是无法归约为一的二元组合。
Materialism (Physicalism): The theory that only physical matter exists, and mental states are physical processes in the brain. Everything is ‘material’. Memory hook: ‘Mind is matter’ – a catchy slogan for materialism.
唯物论（物理主义）：唯有物理物质存在，心理状态是大脑中的物理过程的理论。一切都是“物质的”。助记短语：“心灵即物质”——唯物论的简洁口号。
Consciousness: The state of being aware of and able to think about oneself, sensations and surroundings. Often called the ‘hard problem’ of philosophy. Picture a light bulb of inner experience that is on.
意识：能够察觉并思考自身、感觉及周围环境的状态。常被称为哲学的“难题”。想象一盏亮着的内在体验灯泡。
Substance: In philosophy, a fundamental entity that exists independently. Dualists say mind and body are two substances. Think ‘sub-stance’ – that which stands beneath all changes.
实体：哲学中独立存在的根本性的东西。二元论者称心灵与身体是两种实体。拆解为“sub-stance”——位于所有变化之下的支撑者。
10. Metaphysics: Existence and Reality | 形而上学：存在与实在
Metaphysics: The branch of philosophy that studies the nature of reality, being and existence. ‘Meta’ means beyond; it goes beyond physics. Imagine going ‘meta’ in a game – looking at the rules from above.
形而上学：研究实在、存在与实相本质的哲学分支。“Meta”意为超越，超越物理学。想象在游戏里“开上帝视角”——从高处审视规则。
Reality: The sum of all that is real, as opposed to mere appearance or illusion. Philosophers ask: ‘What is ultimately real?’ Memory trick: ‘Reality’ stems from ‘realis’, meaning ‘thing’ – it is the world of things.
实在：一切真实之物的总和，与纯粹表象或幻觉相对。哲学家问：“什么才是最终真实的？”记忆法：“Reality”源自“realis”，意为“事物”——它是事物之世界。
Appearance: How things seem to us, which may differ from how they really are. Plato’s allegory of the cave distinguishes shadows (appearance) from the real forms. Picture a mirror reflection that looks real but is only an image.
表象：事物向我们呈现的样子，可能与实际不同。柏拉图洞穴寓言区分影子（表象）与真实理型。想象镜中倒影，看起来真实却只是影像。
Existence: The fact of being, the property of being present in the world. To exist is to stand out (ex-ist). Think ‘ex-it’ – something that has ‘stepped out’ into reality.
存在：存在的事实，即存在于世界中的属性。存在(exist)即站出来(ex-ist)。联想“出口”(exit)——已“步出”而进入实在之物。
Published by TutorHao | Philosophy Revision Series | aleveler.com
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