Year 10 Edexcel Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 爱德思科学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 10 Edexcel Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | Year 10 爱德思科学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for success in Edexcel Year 10 Science. This guide breaks down key terms across Biology, Chemistry, and Physics, pairing them with clever memory hacks to help you recall definitions instantly and apply them correctly in exams.

掌握科学词汇是在 Edexcel Year 10 科学中取得高分的基础。本指南将生物、化学和物理中最核心的术语一一拆解，配合醒目的速记技巧，让你能瞬间唤起定义并在考试中准确运用。

1. Biology: Cell Structure and Function | 生物：细胞结构与功能

Nucleus – Controls all cell activities and stores genetic material (DNA). Think ‘nucleus’ as the ‘nucleus of a team’ – the control centre.

细胞核 – 控制细胞的一切活动并储存遗传物质 DNA。把 ‘nucleus’ 想象成团队核心，相当于总指挥部。

Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. Memory hack: ‘cyto’ = cell, ‘plasm’ = fluid. Picture a jelly holding all organelles in place.

细胞质 – 凝胶状的物质，大部分化学反应在此发生。记忆法：’cyto’ 表示细胞，’plasm’ 表示浆液，像果冻一样托起所有细胞器。

Cell membrane – Selectively permeable barrier controlling what enters and leaves. Think of it as a bouncer at a club – only certain molecules get in or out.

细胞膜 – 选择性渗透的屏障，控制物质进出。好比俱乐部门卫，只放行特定的分子。

Mitochondria – Organelles where aerobic respiration takes place, releasing energy. Call them the ‘mighty-chondria’ – the powerhouses. More active cells (muscle, sperm) have more mitochondria.

线粒体 – 有氧呼吸的场所，释放能量。昵称 ‘能量工厂’。肌肉、精子等活跃细胞含大量线粒体。

Ribosomes – Tiny structures that synthesise proteins. ‘Ribo’ rhymes with ‘rib’ – ribs build your body; ribosomes build proteins.

核糖体 – 合成蛋白质的微小结构。’核糖’ 联想 ‘骨架’，如同骨头搭建身体，核糖体搭建蛋白质。

Chloroplasts (plants only) – Contain chlorophyll and carry out photosynthesis. ‘Chloro’ = green. Remember they capture light to make food.

叶绿体（仅植物）– 含叶绿素，进行光合作用。’叶绿’ 本就指绿色，它们将光能转为化学能。

Cell wall (plants) – Made of cellulose, providing rigid support. Imagine a brick wall surrounding the cell.

细胞壁（植物）– 由纤维素构成，提供刚性支撑。想象在细胞外砌了一堵砖墙。

Permanent vacuole (plants) – A large, fluid-filled space that maintains turgor pressure. ‘Vacuum’+’ole’ – keeps the cell swollen like a water balloon.

永久液泡（植物）– 充满细胞液的大囊泡，维持膨压。如气球充水，让细胞硬挺。

Specialised cells: sperm cell (streamlined head, tail for swimming), nerve cell (long axon for impulse transmission), root hair cell (large surface area for absorption). Hack: each shape matches its function.

特化细胞：精子（流线型头部与尾部）、神经细胞（长轴突传输信号）、根毛细胞（增大了吸收面积）。诀窍：结构与功能完美适应。

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2. Chemistry: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table | 化学：原子结构与周期表

Proton – Positive particle in the nucleus. ‘Pro’ = positive (like ‘pro’fessional optimism). Proton number defines the element.

质子 – 原子核中带正电的粒子。’Pro’ 像 ‘Professional’ 中的正面意思，质子数决定了元素身份。

Neutron – Neutral particle in the nucleus. ‘Neut’ sounds like ‘neutral’, adding mass without charge.

中子 – 原子核中不带电的粒子。’中’ 即电中性，只增质量不变元素。

Electron – Tiny negative particle orbiting the nucleus in shells. ‘Electr’on → electric negative.

电子 – 带负电的微小粒子，在电子层上绕核运动。记住 ‘电’ 即负电。

Atomic number – Number of protons (equals electrons in a neutral atom). Mass number = protons + neutrons. An isotope has same atomic number but different mass number.

原子序数 – 质子数（中性原子中等于电子数）。质量数 = 质子数 + 中子数。同位素质子数相同而中子数不同。

Ion – A charged particle formed when an atom loses or gains electrons. Cation positive (pawsitive cat), anion negative (a-n-ion = a negative ion).

离子 – 原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。阳离子就像 ‘猫'(cat)是正电的，阴离子 ‘anion’ 以 ‘a’ 开头，联想 ‘a negative ion’。

Group – Vertical column in the periodic table; same number of outer electrons. Period – horizontal row; same number of electron shells. Group 1 are alkali metals, Group 7 halogens, Group 0 noble gases.

族 – 周期表中的纵列，外层电子数相同。周期 – 横排，电子层数相同。第1族碱金属，第7族卤素，第0族稀有气体。

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3. Physics: Forces and Motion | 物理：力与运动

Displacement – Straight-line distance in a given direction. Vector quantity. Velocity = displacement ÷ time. Speed ≠ velocity unless direction is constant.

位移 – 给定方向上的直线距离，是矢量。速度 = 位移 ÷ 时间。如果方向改变，速率不等于速度。

v = s / t

速度 = 位移 / 时间

Acceleration – Rate of change of velocity. a = (v – u) / t. Deceleration is negative acceleration. Remember ‘accelerate’ means speeding up.

加速度 – 速度变化的快慢。a = (末速度 – 初速度) / 时间。减速即是负加速度。

a = (v – u) / t

加速度 = (末速度 – 初速度) / 时间

Resultant force – The overall force acting on an object. When resultant force is zero, object is in equilibrium. Newton’s second law: F = m a.

合外力 – 物体所受所有力的矢量和。合外力为零时物体平衡。牛顿第二定律：力 = 质量 × 加速度。

F = m a

力 = 质量 × 加速度

Weight – Force due to gravity. W = m g, where g ≈ 10 N/kg on Earth. Not the same as mass.

重量 – 由重力产生的力。W = m g，地球上 g 约为 10 牛/千克。重量与质量不同。

W = m g

重量 = 质量 × 引力场强

Momentum – Product of mass and velocity, p = m v. In a closed system, total momentum before collision = total after (conservation of momentum). Think ‘moment-um’ captures the ‘moment’ of motion.

动量 – 质量与速度之积，p = m v。孤立系统中碰撞前后总动量守恒。’动量’ 即描述运动惯性的量。

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4. Biology: Enzymes and Digestion | 生物：酶与消化

Enzyme – A biological catalyst made of protein that speeds up reactions without being used up. The ‘lock and key’ model: substrate fits into the active site.

酶 – 蛋白质构成的生物催化剂，加速反应而自身不消耗。’锁钥模型’：底物像钥匙插入活性位点。

Active site – The specific region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. If the shape changes, the substrate cannot fit.

活性位点 – 酶上底物结合的特定位点。若形状变化，底物就无法结合。

Denatured – When an enzyme loses its shape due to high temperature or extreme pH, permanently stopping its function. Think ‘de-nature’ – the enzyme loses its natural form.

变性 – 酶在高温或强酸强碱下形状改变，永久失活。’de-nature’ 即失去天然构型。

Amylase – Breaks down starch into maltose. Produced in salivary glands and pancreas. ‘A’ for ‘amylase’ and ‘amylum’ (starch).

淀粉酶 – 将淀粉分解为麦芽糖。由唾液腺和胰腺分泌。’淀粉’ 二字提示它作用的底物。

Protease – Breaks down proteins into amino acids. Found in stomach (pepsin) and small intestine. ‘Prote’ = protein.

蛋白酶 – 将蛋白质分解为氨基酸。存在于胃（胃蛋白酶）和小肠。’蛋白’ 二字直指靶标。

Lipase – Converts lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol. Works in the small intestine after bile emulsifies fats. ‘Lip’ = lipid.

脂肪酶 – 将脂肪分解为脂肪酸和甘油。胆汁乳化脂肪后在小肠起效。’脂’ 即 lipid。

Optimum – The condition (e.g., pH, temperature) at which an enzyme works fastest. Human enzymes often have optimum around 37 °C and pH 7, except stomach protease (pH 2).

最适 – 酶发挥最高效率的条件（如 pH、温度）。人体酶的最适温度约 37°C，最适 pH 多为中性，胃蛋白酶则需强酸。

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5. Chemistry: Chemical Bonding | 化学：化学键

Ionic bonding – Transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal, forming positive and negative ions held in a giant lattice. Example: NaCl – Na⁺ and Cl⁻.

离子键 – 金属与非金属之间的电子转移，形成正负离子，构成巨型离子晶格。如 NaCl 中的 Na⁺ 和 Cl⁻。

Covalent bonding – Sharing of electron pairs between non-metal atoms. Can form simple molecules (H₂O, CO₂) or giant covalent structures (diamond, SiO₂).

共价键 – 非金属原子间共享电子对。可形成简单分子 (H₂O, CO₂) 或巨型共价结构 (金刚石, 二氧化硅)。

Metallic bonding – Attraction between positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains conductivity and malleability.

金属键 – 正金属离子与离域电子海之间的引力。这是金属能导电、可延展的原因。

Giant ionic lattice – Regular arrangement of alternating positive and negative ions; high melting point, conducts when molten or dissolved.

巨型离子晶格 – 正负离子交替排列的整齐结构；熔点高，熔化或溶于水时导电。

Delocalised electrons – Electrons not tied to a specific atom. In metals, they allow current flow. In graphite, they slide between layers, leaving it slippery and conductive.

离域电子 – 不属于任一原子的自由电子。金属中它们传递电流，石墨中它们在层间游离，使其既润滑又导电。

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6. Physics: Energy Transfers and Resources | 物理：能量传输与资源

Kinetic energy – Energy due to motion. Eₖ = ½ m v². Doubling speed quadruples kinetic energy – a crucial exam point!

动能 – 因运动而具有的能量。Eₖ = ½ m v²。速度加倍，动能增至四倍——常考的要点！

Eₖ = ½ m v²

动能 = ½ × 质量 × 速度²

Gravitational potential energy – Energy stored due to height. Eₚ = m g h. ‘Potential’ because it can be converted to kinetic as it falls.

重力势能 – 因高度而储存的能量。Eₚ = m g h。’势能’可下落转化为动能。

Eₚ = m g h

重力势能 = 质量 × 引力场强 × 高度

Specific heat capacity – The energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a material by 1 °C. ΔE = m c Δθ. Water has a high value, so it heats slowly and stores lots of energy.

比热容 – 使 1 千克物质温度升高 1°C 所需能量。ΔE = m c Δθ。水的比热容很大，所以升温慢、储热多。

Power – Rate of energy transfer, P = E / t or P = W / t. Unit is watt (W), meaning 1 joule per second.

功率 – 能量转换的速率，P = E / t。单位瓦特 (W)，即每秒 1 焦耳。

P = E / t

功率 = 能量 / 时间

Efficiency – Ratio of useful output to total input, often expressed as percentage. Efficiency = (Useful output / Total input) × 100%. No device is 100% efficient; energy ‘lost’ usually as thermal energy.

效率 – 有用输出与总输入之比，常以百分比

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