📚 Year 9 AQA Politics: Key Vocabulary Quick Reference Guide | 九年级AQA政治：核心词汇速记指南
Welcome to your essential glossary for Year 9 AQA Politics. Building a strong political vocabulary early is the key to understanding how government works, how decisions are made, and how citizens influence power. This guide takes you through the most important terms you will encounter in your course, grouped by theme, with clear definitions in English and Chinese to help you remember them fast.
欢迎来到九年级 AQA 政治核心词汇表。尽早建立扎实的政治词汇基础，是理解政府运作、决策过程和公民如何影响权力的关键。本指南按主题分类，为你梳理课程中最常见的重要术语，并用英中双语清晰释义，帮助你快速记忆。
1. Politics and Power | 政治与权力
Politics is the process by which people make collective decisions. It involves negotiation, debate, and the struggle for influence over public policy.
政治是人们做出集体决策的过程，其中包含协商、辩论以及对公共政策影响力的争夺。
Power is the ability to make others do something they would not otherwise do, whether through authority, force, or persuasion.
权力是让他人做出本不会做的行为的能力，可以通过权威、强制或说服来实现。
Authority is power that is accepted as legitimate, meaning people obey because they believe the holder has the right to give orders.
权威是被接受为正当的权力，也就是说人们服从是因为相信掌权者有发号施令的权利。
Sovereignty refers to the supreme authority within a territory. In the UK, Parliament is often described as sovereign.
主权指领土内最高的权力。在英国，议会常被描述为主权者。
2. Democracy and Representation | 民主与代表
A democracy is a system of government where the people hold the ultimate power, either directly or through elected representatives.
民主是一种人民掌握最终权力的政体，人民可直接行使或通过选举出的代表行使权力。
Direct democracy means citizens vote on every law and policy themselves, as in a referendum.
直接民主指公民自己就每项法律和政策投票，比如全民公投。
Representative democracy is where citizens elect representatives to make decisions on their behalf. The UK is a representative democracy.
代议制民主是公民选举代表替自己做出决策的制度，英国就是代议制民主。
Representation is the idea that elected officials should reflect the interests and views of their constituents.
代表这一概念指的是民选官员应反映其选民的利益和观点。
3. Parliament and Government | 议会与政府
Parliament is the supreme legislative body in the UK, made up of three parts: the House of Commons, the House of Lords, and the Monarch.
议会是英国最高立法机构，由下议院、上议院和君主三部分组成。
Government refers to the executive body that runs the country, headed by the Prime Minister and Cabinet. It is formed from the party with a majority in the Commons.
政府指管理国家的行政机构，由首相和内阁领导，由下议院多数党组建而成。
Legislature is the law-making branch, which in the UK is Parliament. Executive is the branch that implements laws, and Judiciary interprets them.
立法机关是制定法律的部门，在英国即议会。行政机关是执行法律的部门，司法机关则解释法律。
Prime Minister (PM) is the head of government, appointed by the Monarch, who leads the Cabinet and sets policy direction.
首相 (PM) 是政府首脑，由君主任命，领导内阁并确定政策方向。
4. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
An election is a formal process by which people choose their representatives. General elections are held at least every five years in the UK.
选举是人民选择代表的正式程序。英国至少每五年举行一次大选。
Constituency is a geographical area represented by one Member of Parliament (MP). Each voter belongs to a constituency.
选区是由一名国会议员 (MP) 代表的地理区域。每位选民都属于某个选区。
First-past-the-post (FPTP) is the electoral system used in UK general elections: the candidate with the most votes in a constituency wins, even without an overall majority.
简单多数制 (FPTP) 是英国大选使用的选举制度：在选区得票最多的候选人获胜，即使没有达到绝对多数。
Voter turnout is the percentage of eligible voters who cast a ballot in an election. It is a measure of political participation.
投票率是有资格投票的选民中实际投下选票的百分比，是衡量政治参与度的指标。
5. Political Parties and Ideologies | 政党与意识形态
A political party is an organised group of people with similar political beliefs who seek to win office and form a government.
政党是具有相似政治信仰的有组织团体，旨在赢得公职并组建政府。
Manifesto is a document published by a party before an election, outlining its policies and promises.
宣言是政党在选举前发布的文件，阐明其政策和承诺。
Left-wing generally favours more government intervention, social equality, and public services. Right-wing tends to prioritise individual freedom, lower taxes, and a smaller state.
左翼通常主张更多政府干预、社会平等和公共服务。右翼则往往强调个人自由、减税和小政府。
Mandate is the authority a winning party claims to implement its manifesto, based on electoral victory.
执政授权是胜选政党基于选举胜利而主张的实施其宣言的权力。
6. Law, Rights and Justice | 法律、权利与正义
Rule of law means that everyone, including those in power, must follow the law and that laws should be fairly applied.
法治意味着包括掌权者在内的所有人都必须遵守法律，且法律应被公正适用。
Rights are entitlements or freedoms that belong to individuals. Legal rights are protected by law; human rights are universal moral claims.
权利是个体享有的应得利益或自由。法定权利受法律保护；人权则是普遍的道德主张。
Civil liberties are basic freedoms such as speech, assembly, and privacy that the state should not unreasonably restrict.
公民自由是言论、集会、隐私等基本自由，国家不应无理限制。
Judicial review is the process by which courts examine whether government actions are lawful and compatible with rights.
司法审查是法院审查政府行为是否合法并与权利相容的程序。
7. The Constitution and Institutions | 宪法与机构
A constitution is a set of principles and rules that defines how a state is governed. The UK has an uncodified constitution, meaning it is not written in a single document.
宪法是一套界定国家如何治理的原则和规则。英国拥有不成文宪法，即宪法并非写入单一文件。
House of Commons is the elected lower chamber of Parliament. House of Lords is the upper chamber, largely appointed, which revises and scrutinises legislation.
下议院是议会的民选下院。上议院是基本由任命产生的上院，负责修订和审查立法。
Cabinet is the group of senior ministers chosen by the PM to head government departments and make key policy decisions.
内阁是由首相挑选的高级大臣组成的团队，领导政府各部门并做出关键政策决策。
Civil service is the permanent administrative body that supports the government, staying politically neutral and serving whichever party is in power.
公务员是支持政府的常设行政机构，保持政治中立，服务于在任的任何政党。
8. Participation and Citizenship | 参与与公民身份
Citizenship means being a full member of a state, with rights such as voting and responsibilities such as obeying the law.
公民身份意味着成为国家的正式成员，拥有投票等权利和遵守法律等责任。
Pressure groups are organisations that seek to influence government policy without standing for election, such as Greenpeace or trade unions.
压力团体是试图影响政府政策但不会参选的组织，例如绿色和平组织或工会。
Lobbying is the activity of trying to persuade politicians to support a particular cause or group.
游说是试图说服政客支持某个特定事业或团体的活动。
Referendum is a direct vote by citizens on a specific question, used to make important constitutional decisions.
全民公投是公民就某个具体问题进行直接投票，用于做出重大宪法决策。
9. Key Ideological Terms | 核心意识形态术语
Conservatism tends to value tradition, stability, gradual change, and often supports free market economics.
保守主义往往重视传统、稳定、渐进变革，常支持自由市场经济。
Socialism emphasises social equality, public ownership of key industries, and reducing the gap between rich and poor.
社会主义强调社会平等、关键产业公有以及缩小贫富差距。
Liberalism stresses individual freedom, equal rights, and limited but active government to protect liberties.
自由主义强调个人自由、平等权利以及有限但积极的政府以保护自由。
Nationalism is the belief that a group of people with a common identity should have their own state or self-rule.
民族主义是认为拥有共同身份的一群人应拥有自己的国家或自治的信念。
10. Quick Memory Tips | 快速记忆贴士
Group terms in families: always link ‘legislature’, ‘executive’, ‘judiciary’ together. Use mnemonics like “RAP” for Representation, Authority, Power. Draw a simple flowchart of the UK political system with Parliament at the centre. Write your own bilingual flashcards: English term on one side, Chinese definition on the other.
把术语编组记忆：始终将“立法”、“行政”、“司法”捆绑在一起。使用助记符，例如用“RAP”记忆代表、权威、权力。画一张以议会为中心的英国政治体系简易流程图。制作你自己的双语抽认卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文释义。
Practise using each term in a sentence about a real news story. For example, “The government used its mandate to pass education reform.” The more you use a word, the more securely it sticks.
尝试用每个术语造一个关于真实新闻的句子。例如：“政府利用其执政授权通过了教育改革。”一个词用得越多，记忆就越牢固。
Published by TutorHao | Politics Revision Series | aleveler.com
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