📚 Year 9 CCEA Media: Exam Technique and Mark Scheme Tips | 九年级 CCEA 媒体研究：答题技巧与评分标准
This article is your complete guide to mastering the CCEA Year 9 Media Studies assessment. Whether you are analysing a film poster, deconstructing a news article, or evaluating a social media campaign, understanding what the mark scheme expects and how to apply effective exam technique is the key to achieving top marks. We will break down the core skills, common pitfalls, and the structured approach that examiners look for, so you can approach every question with confidence and clarity.
本文是帮助你掌握 CCEA 九年级媒体研究测评的完整指南。无论你分析的是电影海报、解构新闻报道，还是评价社交媒体活动，理解评分标准的要求以及如何运用有效的答题技巧都是取得高分的关键。我们将分解核心技能、常见失分点以及考官青睐的结构化答题方法，让你能够自信、清晰地应对每一道题目。
1. Understanding the CCEA Mark Scheme | 理解 CCEA 评分标准
The first step to successful exam performance is understanding exactly what the marker is looking for. The CCEA Year 9 Media mark scheme is designed to assess three broad areas: knowledge and understanding of media concepts, application of analytical skills, and the ability to construct a reasoned argument using appropriate evidence. Each question is levelled, meaning your answer can move from simple description to sophisticated evaluation depending on how well you meet the criteria.
考试成功的第一步是准确理解阅卷官寻找什么。CCEA 九年级媒体研究的评分标准旨在评估三大方面：对媒体概念的认知与理解、分析技能的运用，以及使用恰当证据构建合理论述的能力。每道题目都分层次评分，这意味着根据你满足标准的程度，答案可以从简单描述提升到缜密的评价。
Always check how many marks a question is worth. A 5-mark question often requires three well-developed points with clear explanation and media terminology. For a 10-mark question, you will usually need to present a balanced argument, perhaps discussing two sides of a representation or analysing at least three codes in depth. Highlight or underline the command words in the question, such as ‘analyse’, ‘evaluate’, ‘compare’, or ‘discuss’, because each demands a different structure and depth.
始终检查题目的分值。一道 5 分的题目通常需要三个有充分展开的要点，并配合清晰的解释和媒体术语。对于一道 10 分的题目，你通常需要呈现一个平衡的论述，例如讨论表征的两个方面，或深入分析至少三种符码。用下划线标出题目中的指令词，如 “分析”、“评价”、“比较” 或 “讨论”，因为每个词都要求不同的结构和深度。
Examiners reward answers that move confidently from identifying a technique, to explaining its effect, to linking that effect to a wider context, such as the target audience or the producer’s intention. A common mistake is simply describing what you see without explaining why it matters. Train yourself to ask: So what? Why has this choice been made? What impact does it create?
阅卷官青睐能够自信地从指认技巧，过渡到解释其效果，再到将该效果联系到更广阔背景（如目标受众或制作者意图）的答案。一个常见错误是仅仅描述你所看到的，而不解释其重要性。训练自己不断地问：那又怎样？为什么做出这个选择？它产生了什么影响？
2. Using Media Terminology Precisely | 准确运用媒体术语
Using accurate media language is one of the fastest ways to demonstrate your knowledge and lift your answer into a higher mark band. Key terms like ‘mise-en-scène’, ‘anchorage’, ‘connotation’, ‘diegetic sound’, and ‘demographic’ should become a natural part of your vocabulary. However, avoid ‘keyword dropping’ without explanation. If you mention ‘high key lighting’, immediately explain that it creates a sense of openness and safety, often in sitcoms or lifestyle advertising.
准确使用媒体语言是展示知识、将答案提升到更高分数段的最快途径之一。“场面调度”、“锚定”、“内涵”、“剧情声” 和 “人口统计” 等关键术语应该成为你词汇中自然的一部分。然而，要避免没有解释的 “术语堆砌”。如果你提到 “高调布光”，须立即解释它创造出开放和安全感，常见于情景喜剧或生活方式广告中。
For Year 9, you should be comfortable with the four key areas of media language: camera (shot types, angles, movement), sound (diegetic/non-diegetic, dialogue, music, sound effects), editing (pace, transitions, continuity), and mise-en-scène (setting, costume, lighting, colour, props, body language). Create a glossary and practise using these terms in full sentences. For example, instead of writing ‘The camera is close’, write ‘The close-up shot focuses the audience”s attention on the character”s facial expression, conveying her anxiety.’
对于九年级学生，你应该熟练掌握媒体语言的四个关键领域：镜头（景别、角度、运动）、声音（剧情声/非剧情声、对话、音乐、音效）、剪辑（节奏、转场、连贯性）和场面调度（场景、服装、灯光、色彩、道具、肢体语言）。创建一个词汇表，并练习在完整句子中使用这些术语。例如，不要写 “镜头很近”，而要写 “特写镜头将观众注意力聚焦于角色的面部表情，传达出她的焦虑”。
Also, remember to use theory terms appropriately. When discussing representation, you might refer to stereotypes, countertypes, or the male gaze. When discussing audience, you could mention the uses and gratifications theory (diversion, personal identity, personal relationships, surveillance). Linking your analysis to a theory shows you are thinking like a media student, not just a casual viewer.
此外，记得恰当地使用理论术语。在讨论表征时，你可能会提及刻板形象、反刻板形象或男性凝视。在讨论受众时，你可以提到使用与满足理论（消遣、个人身份、人际关系、信息监测）。将分析与理论联系起来，表明你在像媒体研究学生一样思考，而不仅仅是一个随意的观众。
3. Structuring Your Answers for Maximum Clarity | 构建最清晰的答案结构
A well-structured answer is easy for an examiner to follow and instantly demonstrates your ability to construct an argument. Begin with a short introductory sentence that directly addresses the question and shows you understand the focus. For example, if the question asks how a poster represents teenagers, start with: ‘This poster constructs a representation of teenagers as rebellious and energetic through its use of bold colours, low-angle framing, and informal typography.’
结构清晰的答案让阅卷官容易跟上，并立刻展示出你构建论点的能力。以一句简短的引言开头，直接回应问题并表明你理解焦点。例如，如果题目问某海报如何表现青少年，你可以这样开头：“该海报通过使用大胆的色彩、低角度构图和非正式字体，建构出一种叛逆而充满活力的青少年表征。”
Then, use the PEEL or PETER paragraph structure for each main point: Point (make your analytical claim), Evidence (describe the specific media language feature), Technique or Term (name the code or convention), Explain (discuss the effect on the audience and the intended meaning), and Relate back to the question or to context. This method ensures you never forget to include technical analysis and avoids simple description.
然后，对每个主要观点使用 PEEL 或 PETER 段落结构：观点（提出你的分析性主张）、证据（描述具体的媒体语言特征）、技巧或术语（说出符码或惯例）、解释（讨论对受众的影响和意图传达的意义），并回扣题目或背景。这一方法确保你绝不会忘记包含技术分析，避免简单描述。
For longer answers, use connectives such as ‘Furthermore’, ‘In contrast’, ‘Similarly’, and ‘On the other hand’ to guide the reader through your argument. If a question asks you to compare two media products, structure your answer either by alternating points about each product or by comparing them thematically. Whichever you choose, make the comparison explicit and fair.
对于较长的答案，使用 “此外”、“相比之下”、“同样地”、“另一方面” 等连接词，引导读者理解你的论证。如果题目要求比较两个媒介产品，你可以按交替讨论各自要点的方式组织答案，或按主题进行比较。无论选择哪种方式，都要使比较明确且客观。
4. Analysing Visual Codes and Mise-en-Scène | 分析视觉符码与场面调度
Mise-en-scène is the foundation of visual analysis in Media Studies. When you first look at a print or moving image text, systematically break it down: setting, props, costume, lighting, colour palette, and body language/facial expressions. Always comment on the connotations of these choices. Red, for instance, can connote danger, passion, or love depending on context and combination with other codes.
场面调度是媒体研究中视觉分析的基础。当你初看一个平面或动态影像文本时，系统地分解它：场景、道具、服装、灯光、色彩调性和肢体语言/面部表情。始终评论这些选择的内涵。例如，红色根据语境以及与其他符码的组合，可以暗示危险、激情或爱。
Don”t just list what you see. Ask: What atmosphere is being created? How is the audience being positioned? In a horror film poster, low-key lighting with deep shadows creates mystery and fear. In a teen drama, bright, saturated colours and fashionable costumes help construct an aspirational lifestyle. Use specific evidence: instead of ‘the room is dark’, write ‘the use of a single lamp in the corner creates pools of shadow, obscuring the character”s face and suggesting hidden motives.’
不要只是罗列你所看到的。要问：创造了什么氛围？观众被放置在什么位置？在一张恐怖电影海报中，低调布光和深邃的阴影营造出神秘与恐惧。在一部青少年剧中，明亮饱和的色彩和时尚的服装有助于构建一种令人向往的生活方式。使用具体的证据：不要写 “房间很暗”，而要写 “角落里的单一台灯制造出一片片阴影，遮蔽了角色的脸庞，暗示着隐藏的动机”。
Proxemics, the distance between characters, is another powerfulcode. Intimate distance can signal a close relationship, while a wide distance may suggest conflict or detachment. Remember that every visual element is a deliberate choice by the producer to communicate a meaning. Your job is to decode those choices.
距离（人际关系距离），即角色之间的距离，是另一个有力的符码。亲密距离可以表示紧密的关系，而较远的距离可能暗示冲突或疏离。记住，每一个视觉元素都是制作者为传达某种意义而刻意的选择。你的任务就是解码这些选择。
5. Analysing Language and Typography | 分析语言和字体排版
In print media, websites, and opening titles, language and typography work together to create meaning. Language analysis includes slogans, headlines, captions, and body copy. Pay attention to language devices such as alliteration, rhetorical questions, imperative verbs, and hyperbole. A tagline like ‘Unleash the power within’ uses a direct imperative to address the audience personally and implies transformation.
在平面媒体、网站和片头标题中，语言和字体排版共同创造意义。语言分析包括标语、标题、说明文字和正文。关注语言手段，如头韵、反问句、指令动词和夸张。一句像 “释放你内在的力量” 的口号使用直接的指令句式，亲自面向受众，并暗示着转变。
Typography is about how the words look. Consider the font style (serif vs. sans-serif), size, weight (bold, light), spacing, and colour. Serif fonts, such as Times New Roman, often connote tradition, authority, and formality, which is why they appear in broadsheet newspapers. Sans-serif fonts, like Helvetica, feel modern, clean, and approachable, common in tech branding. Decorative or script fonts can convey personality: a jagged, distorted font suits a horror film, while a cursive, flowing font might be used for a romantic comedy.
字体排版关乎文字的外观。考虑字体风格（衬线体与无衬线体）、大小、粗细（粗体、细体）、间距和颜色。衬线字体，如 Times New Roman，通常暗示传统、权威和正式，因此出现在大报上。无衬线字体，如 Helvetica，感觉现代、干净和亲切，常见于科技品牌。装饰或手写字体可以传递个性：锯齿状、扭曲的字体适合恐怖片，而流畅的手写体可能用于浪漫喜剧。
Always discuss the integration of language and typography. A headline in a tabloid newspaper often uses large, bold sans-serif font and simple, punchy language to grab attention quickly. By contrast, a quality newspaper may use a more understated serif headline. Ask how these elements work together to reflect the brand identity and appeal to the target audience.
始终讨论语言和字体排版的整合。小报的头条通常使用大号、粗体的无衬线字体和简洁、有力的语言来迅速抓住注意力。相比之下，优质报纸可能使用更为克制的衬线体标题。问问这些元素如何共同反映品牌身份并吸引目标受众。
6. Discussing Audience and Representation | 探讨受众与表征
Nearly every media text can be analysed in terms of audience and representation. For audience, go beyond just identifying a demographic. Think about how the text targets its audience through content, style, and platform. A teen magazine cover uses bright colours, aspirational cover lines, and informal direct address to attract its niche audience. Consider the uses and gratifications theory: what needs does the text satisfy? Does it provide entertainment, information, a sense of identity, or social interaction?
几乎每一个媒介文本都可以从受众和表征的角度进行分析。对于受众，不要仅仅识别一个人口统计特征。想想文本是如何通过内容、风格和平台来瞄准受众的。一个青少年杂志封面使用鲜艳的色彩、令人向往的封面文案和非正式的直呼式称呼来吸引其小众受众。考虑使用与满足理论：文本满足了哪些需求？它提供娱乐、信息、身份认同感还是社会互动？
For representation, the key is to discuss how media products construct versions of reality, not simply mirror it. When analysing representation of a group (age, gender, ethnicity, social class, etc.), look for stereotypes and countertypes. Stereotypes are oversimplified, often repeated images that can be positive or negative; countertypes challenge the dominant stereotype. A question might ask: ‘How are women represented in this advertisement?’ Look at clothing, posture, role in the scene, and gaze to build your argument.
对于表征，关键在于讨论媒介产品如何建构现实的版本，而不仅仅是反映现实。在分析一个群体（年龄、性别、族裔、社会阶级等）的表征时，寻找刻板形象和反刻板形象。刻板形象是过度简化的、常常重复出现的形象，可能正面也可能负面；反刻板形象则挑战主流刻板印象。题目可能会问：“这则广告中女性是如何被表征的？” 观察服装、姿势、场景中的角色以及凝视，来建立你的论点。
Don”t forget to discuss the impact of these representations on the audience. How might repeated exposure to certain stereotypes affect people”s perceptions? This shows critical thinking. In CCEA Year 9, you are not expected to know a vast range of theorists, but a basic reference to ideas like the male gaze or the cultivation theory can distinguish your work if used correctly.
不要忘记讨论这些表征对受众的影响。反复接触某些刻板形象会如何影响人们的认知？这展现了批判性思维。在 CCEA 九年级，你不需要了解大量理论家，但如果正确使用，对男性凝视或涵化理论的基本提及可以使你的作品脱颖而出。
7. Making Effective Comparisons | 进行有效的比较
Comparison questions appear frequently and test your ability to spot similarities and differences in how media language constructs meaning across two texts. Start by identifying a clear basis for comparison: are you comparing how two magazine covers represent masculinity, or how two film posters use colour to create mood? Keep your comparison balanced; avoid writing four points about Product A and only one about Product B.
比较题经常出现，考查你发现两个文本在如何运用媒体语言建构意义方面的异同的能力。首先确定一个清晰的比较基础：是比较两本杂志封面如何表征男性气概，还是比较两幅电影海报如何运用色彩营造氛围？保持比较的平衡；避免对产品 A 写了四点，却只对产品 B 写了一点。
Use comparative connectives to structure your analysis: ‘While Product A uses…, Product B takes a different approach by…’; ‘Both products rely on…, but the effect is different because…’; ‘Product A positions the audience as…, whereas Product B invites a more…’. When possible, explain why the differences exist: are they aimed at different target audiences, brands, or genres?
使用比较连接词来组织你的分析：“虽然产品 A 使用了……，产品 B 则采取了不同的方式……”“两者都依赖于……，但效果不同，因为……”“产品 A 将受众定位为……，而产品 B 则邀请一种更……的方式”。在可能时，解释差异存在的原因：它们是否针对不同的目标受众、品牌或类型？
A common pitfall is to describe each product in separate paragraphs without drawing explicit links. Remember, the word ‘compare’ means you must continuously highlight relationships. A useful method is to create a mini-grid before writing, noting down the key code, its use in Product A, and its use in Product B side by side. This visual plan will keep your answer focused and comparative from start to finish.
一个常见的陷阱是在各自的段落中描述每个产品，而没有明确指出联系。记住，“比较” 一词意味着你必须不断地强调关系。一个有用的方法是在写作前创建一个简易表格，并列记下关键符码、其在产品 A 中的应用以及其在产品 B 中的应用。这个可视化的计划将使你的答案自始至终保持专注和比较性。
8. Evaluating Media Language and Connotations | 评价媒体语言与内涵
To reach the highest marks, you need to move beyond straightforward ‘this connotes that’ and offer layers of interpretation. Media texts are polysemic – they can be read in multiple ways. A single colour might have contradictory connotations depending on culture or context. White, for example, can connote purity and innocence in Western wedding dresses, but mourning in some Eastern cultures. Show an awareness of this complexity when relevant.
要获得最高分，你需要超越直白的 “这暗示那”，并提供多层次的解读。媒介文本具有多义性——它们可以以多种方式被阅读。同一种颜色可能因文化或语境而具有矛盾的内涵。例如，白色在西方婚纱中可能暗示纯洁和天真，但在某些东方文化中却表示哀悼。在相关时，展示你对这种复杂性的认知。
Use phrases like ‘could suggest’, ‘might symbolise’, ‘reinforces the idea that’, or ‘however, an alternative reading could be…’ to signal your evaluative thinking. This demonstrates to the examiner that you understand media is a construct and that meaning is negotiated between producer, text, and audience.
使用诸如 “可能暗示”、“或许象征”、“强化了……的观念” 或 “然而，另一种解读可能是……” 等短语，来表明你的评价性思考。这向阅卷官展示出你理解媒体是一种建构，而意义是在制作者、文本和受众之间协商的。
When analysing sound in moving image, for example, a non-diegetic soundtrack can set the emotional tone, but a sudden change from major to minor key might also subvert expectations and create unease. Commentary like this reveals deeper engagement. Similarly, consider how editing pace not just sets rhythm, but can manipulate the viewer”s sense of time and excitement.
例如，在分析动态影像中的声音时，非剧情原声可以设定情感基调，但从大调到小调的突然变化也可能颠覆预期并制造不安。这样的点评揭示出更深层的参与。同样，思考剪辑节奏不仅设定韵律，还可以操控观众对时间和兴奋感的感知。
9. Tackling Unseen Texts with Confidence | 自信应对陌生文本
The unseen text is designed to test your skills on a product you have never studied. Don”t panic. The format is the examiner”s way of checking that you can apply the media framework independently. Approach it systematically: spend the first couple of minutes scanning the text and noting the genre, target audience, and immediate visual and linguistic codes. Identify the primary message and the intended purpose.
陌生文本旨在考查你对从未学习过的产品的分析技能。不要慌张。这种形式是阅卷官检验你能否独立运用媒体分析框架的方式。系统地应对：花最初几分钟浏览文本，记下类型、目标受众以及最直观的视觉和语言符码。识别主要信息和意图目的。
Then, begin your analysis using the same structured approach you would for a familiar text. Look for striking elements: the most dominant image, the largest piece of text, the most noticeable colour, or the most prominent sound. These are often deliberately placed to anchor meaning. If you see something you can”t name, describe its effect – this can still gain credit. But try to use terminology wherever possible.
然后，使用你分析熟悉文本时的同样结构化方法来开始分析。寻找最引人注目的元素：最具主导性的图像、最大块的文字、最明显的颜色或最突出的声音。这些元素通常被刻意放置以锚定意义。如果你看到了叫不出名字的东西，描述其效果——这仍然可以得分。但尽可能使用术语。
Always link back to audience. Who is this text trying to reach, and how do you know? Mention how selections of media language exclude certain groups as well as include others. This shows sophisticated understanding. Practice with a range of unseen texts regularly – train yourself to produce a clear, concise plan in two minutes.
始终回扣到受众。这个文本试图触达谁，你如何得知？提及媒体语言的选择既包含某些群体也排斥了某些群体。这显示了成熟的理解。定期用各类陌生文本练习——训练自己在两分钟内产出一个清晰、简洁的计划。
10. Managing Your Time and Prioritising | 管理时间与优先排序
Time management can make or break your exam performance. As a rule of thumb, allocate your time based on marks: for a 60-mark paper in 60 minutes, you have roughly one minute per mark. However, leave 5 minutes at the end for reading and checking. If a question is worth 10 marks, don”t spend 20 minutes on it. Be disciplined.
时间管理可能决定你考试的成败。一个通用的经验法则是根据分值分配时间：对于一份 60 分、60 分钟的试卷，你大约有一分钟一分。然而，留出最后 5 分钟用于阅读和检查。如果一道题目值 10 分，不要花 20 分钟。要自律。
Start with the questions you feel most confident about to secure marks early and calm your nerves. Underline the command words and note the number of examples you need. If a question asks for ‘two specific examples from the text’, only two are needed – providing five will waste time without gaining extra marks. Answer the question set, not the one you wish had been set.
从你最有信心的题目开始，早早确保得分并平复紧张情绪。标出指令词并记下你需要提供的例证数量。如果一道题要求 “从文本中举出两个具体例子”，那么只举两个就够了——提供五个会浪费时间而不会额外得分。回答所提的问题，而不是你希望被问的问题。
For high-tariff questions, spend two to three minutes planning. A scribbled mind map or numbered list will organise your thoughts and prevent mid-answer rambling. Your plan doesn”t need to be beautiful, but it should include your key points, terminology, and a counter-argument or alternative reading if required. Planning is an investment that pays dividends in coherence.
对于高分值题目，花两到三分钟进行规划。快速画出思维导图或列出编号清单，来组织思路并防止作答中途跑题。你的计划无需美观，但应包含关键观点、术语，以及（如有需要）一个反方论点或替代性解读。规划是一项对连贯性有回报的投资。
11. Proofreading and Refining Your Work | 校对与完善答卷
Those final five minutes are gold. Use them. Read through your answers not just for spelling and grammar, but to check that you have actually answered the question. A brilliant analysis of camera shots is worthless if the question was about sound. Look for opportunities to add a missing technical term, circle back to the question in your conclusion, or clarify a vague sentence.
最后的五分钟是黄金时间。利用好它们。通读你的答案，不仅是为了检查拼写和语法，更是为了确认你确实回答了问题。如果问题问的是声音，对镜头拍摄的出色分析就毫无价值。寻找机会添加一个遗漏的技术术语，在结论处回扣问题，或澄清一个模糊的句子。
Check that your media terminology is used accurately. A common error is confusing ‘denotation’ (what you literally see) with ‘connotation’ (the meaning or feeling it carries). Quickly underline the key terms in each paragraph to make sure they are present. If a paragraph lacks a media word, can you insert one during proofreading? This small act can lift a level 2 answer into level 3.
检查你的媒体术语是否使用准确。一个常见错误是混淆 “外延”（你实际看到的）和 “内涵”（它所承载的意义或感觉）。快速在每个段落中划出关键术语，确保它们存在。如果某个段落缺少一个媒体词汇，能否在校对时插入一个？这个小小的举动可能将二级答案提升到三级。
Also, verify that you have used evidence from the text. Unsupported claims are weak. Add a quick reference to an image, a word, or a sound effect where needed. Examiners want to see that your insights are grounded in the product, not generalisations. Your final check is a safety net that can catch silly mistakes and transform a good answer into an outstanding one.
同样，核实你使用了文本中的证据。缺乏支持的声称是薄弱的。在需要的地方添加对某个图像、词语或音效的快速引用。阅卷官希望看到你的见解根植于产品中，而非泛泛而谈。你的最终检查是一张安全网，可以捕捉低级错误，将好答案转变为杰出答案。
12. Practising with Past Papers and Feedback | 使用历年真题练习并获取反馈
There is no substitute for practice. Use CCEA”s official specimen papers and any past material your teacher provides. Simulate exam conditions: no phone, strict timing, and silence. This builds the mental stamina you need for the real thing. After writing, self-assess using the mark scheme. Be honest: would your answer meet the criteria for the top level? Identify exactly where your answer could be improved.
没有什么能替代练习。使用 CCEA 的官方样卷和老师提供的任何过往材料。模拟考试环境：无手机、严格定时、保持安静。这能培养你在真实考试中所需的精神耐力。写完后，用评分标准进行自我评估。坦诚地：你的答案达到了最高等级的标准吗？精确找出你的答案可以改进的地方。
If possible, ask your teacher or a study partner to give you feedback. Sometimes we are blind to our own repetitive phrases or weak analysis. Pay attention to repeated comments. If your teacher always writes ‘too descriptive’, actively work on turning descriptions into analysis by adding ‘because…’ and ‘which creates the effect that…’. Set yourself specific targets before each practice: ‘Today I will use at least five different media terms accurately’ or ‘I will make sure every paragraph links back to audience’.
如果可能，请老师或学习伙伴给你反馈。有时我们对自己重复的措辞或薄弱的分析视而不见。注意反复出现的评语。如果老师总写 “过于描述性”，就通过添加 “因为……” 和 “这产生了……的效果” 来主动地将描述转变为分析。每次练习前给自己设定具体目标：“今天我要至少准确使用五个不同的媒体术语” 或 “我要确保每个段落都回扣到受众”。
Build a revision file of annotated media texts. Choose advertisements, websites, magazine covers, or film sequences and annotate them fully, applying every concept from the course. The more exposure you have to different genres and styles, the sharper your analytical instincts will become. Media literacy is a muscle, and consistent practice makes it strong.
建立一份带有批注的媒体文本复习档案。选取广告、网站、杂志封面或电影片段，对其进行全面批注，应用课程中的每一个概念。对不同类型和风格的接触越多，你的分析本能就会越敏锐。媒体素养如同一块肌肉，持续练习使其强壮。
Published by TutorHao | Media Studies Revision Series | aleveler.com
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