📚 Year 9 CCEA Physical Education: Vocabulary & Terminology Memory Guide | Year 9 CCEA 体育：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in CCEA Year 9 Physical Education. This guide provides clear bilingual definitions and memory aids to help you confidently use and recall important PE terms during lessons, assessments and practical activities.
掌握关键术语在CCEA Year 9体育课程中至关重要。本指南提供清晰的双语定义和记忆辅助，帮助你在课堂、测评和实际活动中自信地运用和回忆重要的体育词汇。
1. Health-Related Fitness Components | 健康相关体适能要素
Cardiorespiratory endurance (aerobic endurance) is the ability of the heart, lungs and blood vessels to supply oxygen to the working muscles during sustained physical activity.
心肺耐力（有氧耐力）是指心脏、肺和血管在持续的体育活动中向工作肌肉供氧的能力。
Muscular strength is the maximum force a muscle or muscle group can exert in a single contraction against a resistance.
肌肉力量是肌肉或肌群在单次收缩中对抗阻力能产生的最大力。
Muscular endurance is the ability of a muscle or muscle group to perform repeated contractions over an extended period without fatigue.
肌肉耐力是肌肉或肌群在较长时间内进行反复收缩而不出现疲劳的能力。
Flexibility is the range of motion available at a joint or group of joints.
柔韧性是指关节或关节群可达到的活动幅度。
Body composition refers to the proportion of fat mass to fat-free mass (muscle, bone, water) in the body.
身体成分是指体内脂肪质量与去脂体重（肌肉、骨骼、水分）的比例。
2. Skill-Related Fitness Components | 技能相关体适能要素
Agility is the ability to change the direction of the body quickly and accurately while maintaining control.
敏捷性是快速、准确地改变身体方向并保持控制的能力。
Balance is the ability to keep the body’s centre of mass over its base of support, whether static or dynamic.
平衡是在静态或动态中保持身体重心落在支撑面内的能力。
Coordination is the ability to use the senses and body parts, such as eyes and hands, smoothly and efficiently together.
协调性是顺畅且高效地同时运用感官与身体部位（如眼和手）的能力。
Power is the ability to exert maximum muscular force explosively, combining strength and speed (Power = Strength × Speed).
爆发力是爆发性地发挥最大肌肉力量的能力，是力量与速度的结合（爆发力 = 力量 × 速度）。
Reaction time is the time interval between the presentation of a stimulus and the initiation of the muscular response.
反应时是从刺激出现到肌肉开始作出响应之间的时间间隔。
Speed is the ability to move the whole body or a part of the body from one point to another in the shortest possible time.
速度是在最短时间内将全身或身体某一部分从一点移动到另一点的能力。
3. Principles of Training (SPORT) | 训练原则（SPORT）
Specificity states that training should be relevant and appropriate to the sport, energy system and muscle groups used.
针对性指训练应与所从事的运动、能量系统及使用肌群密切相关且合适。
Progression means gradually increasing the demand or overload placed on the body so that fitness gains continue.
渐进性是指逐步增加身体所承受的要求或超负荷，使体适能持续提高。
Overload requires working the body harder than it is normally accustomed to in order to stimulate adaptation.
超负荷要求身体进行比平常习惯强度更大的运动，以刺激产生适应。
Reversibility explains that fitness improvements are lost when training stops or is reduced significantly.
可逆性指当训练停止或显著减少时，体适能的提高会逐渐消退。
Tedium refers to boredom that can occur from repetitive training; variety is needed to maintain motivation.
枯燥感指重复训练可能带来的乏味；需要变换训练内容以保持动力。
4. FITT Principle | FITT 原则
Frequency – how often you train per week.
频率 – 每周训练的次数。
Intensity – how hard you work during a session (e.g. heart rate, weight lifted).
强度 – 单次训练的费力程度（如心率、负重重量）。
Time – the duration of each training session.
时间 – 每次训练的持续时间。
Type – the mode or method of exercise performed (e.g. continuous, interval).
类型 – 所采用的运动方式或方法（如持续训练、间歇训练）。
5. Major Muscles and Their Actions | 主要肌肉及其功能
Pectorals – chest muscles; responsible for pushing and bringing the arm across the body.
胸肌 – 胸部肌肉；负责推和使手臂内收。
Deltoid – shoulder muscle; lifts the arm sideways (abduction).
三角肌 – 肩部肌肉；使手臂侧举（外展）。
Biceps – front upper arm; bends the elbow (flexion).
肱二头肌 – 上臂前侧；使肘部屈曲。
Triceps – back upper arm; straightens the elbow (extension).
肱三头肌 – 上臂后侧；使肘部伸展。
Abdominals – stomach muscles; flex the trunk and support core stability.
腹肌 – 腹部肌肉；使躯干屈曲并支撑核心稳定。
Quadriceps – front of thigh; straighten the knee (extension).
股四头肌 – 大腿前侧；使膝关节伸直。
Hamstrings – back of thigh; bend the knee (flexion).
腘绳肌 – 大腿后侧；使膝关节屈曲。
Gluteals – buttock muscles; extend the hip and help push the body forward.
臀肌 – 臀部肌肉；伸髋并辅助推动身体前进。
Gastrocnemius – calf muscle; points the toes (plantar flexion) and helps in running and jumping.
腓肠肌 – 小腿肌肉；使脚尖下压（跖屈），在跑跳中起作用。
6. Major Bones of the Body | 身体主要骨骼
Cranium – skull; protects the brain.
颅骨 – 头骨；保护大脑。
Clavicle – collarbone; connects the shoulder to the trunk.
锁骨 – 连接肩部与躯干。
Scapula – shoulder blade; provides attachment for many arm muscles.
肩胛骨 – 为众多手臂肌肉提供附着点。
Humerus – upper arm bone; runs from shoulder to elbow.
肱骨 – 上臂骨；从肩部延伸至肘部。
Radius and Ulna – forearm bones; radius is thumb side, ulna is little finger side.
桡骨与尺骨 – 前臂骨；桡骨在拇指侧，尺骨在小指侧。
Pelvis – hip bone; supports weight and protects lower organs.
骨盆 – 支撑体重并保护下腹器官。
Femur – thigh bone; longest and strongest bone in the body.
股骨 – 人体最长最结实的骨骼。
Patella – kneecap; protects the knee joint.
髌骨 – 膝盖骨；保护膝关节。
Tibia – shin bone; larger weight-bearing bone of the lower leg.
胫骨 – 小腿中较大的承重骨。
Fibula – smaller bone beside the tibia; provides muscle attachment.
腓骨 – 胫骨旁较细的骨骼；提供肌肉附着。
7. Types of Joint Movement | 关节运动类型
Flexion – decreasing the angle at a joint, e.g. bending the elbow.
屈曲 – 减小关节角度，如曲肘。
Extension – increasing the angle at a joint, e.g. straightening the knee.
伸展 – 增大关节角度，如伸膝。
Abduction – movement of a limb away from the midline of the body, e.g. lifting arms sideways.
外展 – 肢体远离身体中线的运动，如侧平举。
Adduction – movement of a limb towards the midline of the body, e.g. lowering arms to the side.
内收 – 肢体靠向身体中线的运动，如手臂下落。
Rotation – turning a body part around its longitudinal axis, e.g. shaking the head.
旋转 –
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