📚 Year 9 CIE Politics: Quick Guide to Key Vocabulary Terms | Year 9 CIE 政治：关键术语速记指南
Mastering political vocabulary is the first step to understanding how societies are organised and governed. This guide introduces the essential terms you will meet in Year 9 CIE Politics, with clear definitions and paired English-Chinese explanations to help you learn faster and remember longer.
掌握政治词汇是理解社会如何组织与治理的第一步。本指南介绍你在九年级 CIE 政治课程中将会遇到的关键术语，通过清晰的定义和中英文对照讲解，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。
1. Core Concepts of Government | 政府的核心概念
Government is the group of people with the authority to make and enforce laws and policies for a country or state.
政府 指有权为一个国家或州制定并执行法律与政策的一群人。
State refers to a politically organised territory with a permanent population, a defined border and a sovereign government.
国家 指一个政治上有组织的领土，拥有永久人口、明确边界和主权政府。
Sovereignty is the supreme and independent authority that a state holds over its own affairs, free from external control.
主权 指一个国家对自己事务拥有的最高且独立的权威，不受外部控制。
Power is the ability to influence or control the behaviour of people and the course of events, often backed by the state’s institutions.
权力 指影响或控制人们行为及事件进程的能力，通常有国家机构作为后盾。
2. Types of Government | 政府类型
Democracy is a system in which citizens hold the right to choose their leaders through free and fair elections and to participate in political decision-making.
民主制 是一种体制，公民有权通过自由公正的选举选择领导人并参与政治决策。
Dictatorship is a form of government where a single person or a small group rules with absolute power, often without the consent of the people.
独裁制 是一种政府形式，由一个人或一个小集团以绝对权力统治，通常未经人民同意。
Monarchy is a system where a king, queen or emperor acts as the head of state, often through hereditary succession. A constitutional monarchy limits the monarch’s power by a constitution.
君主制 指国王、女王或皇帝作为国家元首的体制，通常通过世袭继承。立宪君主制则用宪法限制君主的权力。
Republic is a state in which the head of state is usually an elected president, rather than a hereditary monarch.
共和制 是一种国家体制，其国家元首通常是选举产生的总统，而非世袭君主。
3. Democracy in Depth | 民主详解
Direct Democracy means citizens make policy decisions themselves, without representatives, for instance through referendums on individual issues.
直接民主 意味着公民自己作出政策决定，不通过代表，例如通过针对具体问题的全民公投。
Representative Democracy is the system in which citizens elect representatives to make laws and govern on their behalf.
代议制民主 指公民选举代表来代为制定法律和管理国家的制度。
Liberal Democracy combines representative government with the protection of individual rights and freedoms, such as freedom of speech and fair trials.
自由民主制 将代议制政府与保护个人权利和自由（如言论自由和公正审判）结合在一起。
Pluralism is the idea that power in a democracy should be spread among many different groups and that competing views are healthy.
多元主义 是一种理念，认为民主中的权力应分散在众多不同团体之间，彼此竞争的观点是健康的。
4. The State and Its Institutions | 国家及其机构
Legislature is the branch of government responsible for making laws. In the UK, it is Parliament, comprising the House of Commons and the House of Lords.
立法机关 是负责制定法律的政府分支。在英国，立法机关是议会，由上议院和下议院组成。
Executive is the branch that puts laws into action and runs the country day to day. It includes the Prime Minister, the Cabinet and government departments.
行政机关 是负责执行法律并日常治理国家的分支，包括首相、内阁及各政府部门。
Judiciary is the system of courts that interprets and applies the law, resolves disputes and ensures justice is served independently.
司法机关 是解释和适用法律的法院系统，解决纠纷并独立地实现正义。
Separation of Powers is the principle that the three branches of government should be kept independent to prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful.
三权分立 是一项原则，要求政府的三个分支保持独立，以防止任何一个分支权力过大。
5. Political Systems and Constitutions | 政治制度与宪法
Constitution is a body of fundamental principles or established precedents according to which a state is governed. It can be written in a single document or unwritten like the UK’s constitution.
宪法 是一套治理国家的基本原则或既定先例。它可以写成单一文件，也可以像英国宪法那样是不成文的。
Unitary System is one in which all legal sovereignty is concentrated in a single central government, which may delegate powers to local authorities but can in theory take them back.
单一制 是一种体制，所有法律主权集中在一个中央政府手中，它可授权给地方当局，但理论上可以收回这些权力。
Federal System divides sovereignty between a central government and regional governments (like states or provinces), each with their own powers protected by the constitution.
联邦制 将主权在中央政府和地区政府（如州或省）之间划分，各自的权力受到宪法保护。
Devolution is the transfer of certain powers from central government to regional or local bodies, without losing the unitary character of the state.
权力下放 是将某些权力从中央政府移交给地区或地方机构，同时不丧失国家的单一制特征。
6. Citizens, Rights and Responsibilities | 公民、权利与责任
Citizenship refers to the status of being a legal member of a particular country, carrying both rights and duties.
公民身份 指作为某个国家合法成员的地位，伴随着权利与义务。
Human Rights are the basic rights and freedoms that belong to every person, such as the right to life, education and freedom from torture.
人权 是每个人都拥有的基本权利与自由，如生命权、受教育权和免于酷刑的自由。
Bill of Rights is a formal declaration of the legal and civil rights of the citizens of a state. In the UK, the Human Rights Act 1998 incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights.
权利法案 是对一国公民的法律权利和公民权利的正式声明。在英国，1998年《人权法》吸收了《欧洲人权公约》。
Responsibilities are duties that citizens are expected to carry out, such as obeying the law, paying taxes and serving on a jury when called.
责任 是公民应当履行的义务，如遵守法律、纳税和在需要时担任陪审员。
7. Law and the Legal System | 法律与法律体系
Rule of Law is the principle that everyone, including the government, is subject to the law and that laws should be fairly applied and enforced.
法治 是一项原则，任何人都必须遵守法律，包括政府，且法律应当被公正地适用和执行。
Justice refers to the fair treatment of individuals and the impartial resolution of disputes according to the law.
正义 指依据法律公平对待个人并公正地解决纠纷。
Civil Law deals with disputes between individuals or organisations, such as contract problems or family matters, usually involving compensation.
民法 处理个人或组织之间的纠纷，如合同问题或家庭事务，通常涉及赔偿。
Criminal Law deals with actions considered harmful to society as a whole, such as theft or assault, and the state prosecutes the accused.
刑法 处理被认为对社会整体有害的行为，如盗窃或袭击，由国家提起公诉。
8. Elections and Voting | 选举与投票
Election is a formal decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold public office.
选举 是民众选择个人担任公职的正式决策过程。
Suffrage means the right to vote in political elections. Universal suffrage gives the vote to all adults, regardless of gender, race or wealth.
选举权 指在政治选举中投票的权利。普选权赋予所有成年人投票权，不论性别、种族或财富。
First Past the Post is an electoral system where the candidate with the most votes in each constituency wins, even if they do not gain an outright majority.
简单多数制 是一种选举制度，每个选区中得票最多的候选人获胜，即使未获得绝对多数。
Referendum is a direct vote in which the entire electorate is asked to accept or reject a particular proposal, often used for constitutional changes.
公投 是一种直接投票，全体选民被要求接受或拒绝某一特定提案，常用于宪法修改。
9. Parliament and Representation | 议会与代表制
Parliament is the supreme legislative body in a country, made up of elected representatives who debate and pass laws.
议会 是一个国家的最高立法机构，由选举产生的代表组成，负责辩论和通过法律。
Constituency is a geographical area whose voters elect a representative to a legislative body.
选区 是一个地理区域，其选民选举一名代表进入立法机构。
Member of Parliament (MP) is a person elected by the voters in a constituency to serve in the House of Commons.
国会议员 是由选区选民选举产生、在下议院任职的人。
Representation is the idea that elected officials should speak and act for the interests of those who voted for them, and for the wider public.
代表制 是一种理念，即当选官员应为投票支持他们的人以及更广泛的公众的利益发声和行事。
10. Political Participation | 政治参与
Political Party is an organised group of people with similar political aims and opinions, seeking to gain power by winning elections.
政党 是一群政治目标和观点相似的人组成的组织，力图通过赢得选举来获取权力。
Manifesto is a public declaration of a party’s policies and aims, published before an election to tell voters what it plans to do.
竞选纲领 是一个政党政策和目标的公开声明，在选举前发布，向选民说明其计划。
Pressure Group is an organised group that seeks to influence government policy or public opinion without seeking to become the government.
压力团体 是一个有组织的团体，试图影响政府政策或公众舆论，但不谋求成为政府。
Lobbying is the activity of trying to persuade politicians or officials to support a particular cause or policy, often through direct meetings.
游说 指试图说服政治人物或官员支持某个特定事业或政策的活动，通常通过直接会面进行。
11. International Relations | 国际关系
United Nations (UN) is an international organisation founded in 1945 to maintain peace, promote development and protect human rights around the world.
联合国 是一个成立于1945年的国际组织，旨在维护世界和平、促进发展和保护人权。
Treaty is a formally concluded and ratified agreement between states, comparable to a contract in international law.
条约 是国家间正式缔结并批准的协议，在国际法中相当于契约。
Globalisation refers to the increasing integration of economies, societies and cultures through cross-border movement of goods, services, information and people.
全球化 指通过商品、服务、信息和人员的跨境流动，使经济、社会和文化日益融合的过程。
Interdependence is the mutual reliance between countries, where events in one part of the world can have significant effects in another.
相互依存 是国家间的相互依赖，世界某一地区的事件会对另一地区产生重大影响。
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