Year 9 Edexcel Science: Fast-Track Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 九年级爱德思科学：词汇术语速记指南

📚 Year 9 Edexcel Science: Fast-Track Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 九年级爱德思科学：词汇术语速记指南

Mastering scientific vocabulary is essential for excelling in Year 9 Edexcel Science. The ability to quickly recall and correctly use key terms not only boosts exam performance but also deepens your understanding of biology, chemistry and physics. This guide provides practical memory strategies and highlights the most important terms you will encounter, so you can learn faster and remember longer.

掌握科学词汇是九年级爱德思科学取得优异成绩的关键。快速回想并正确使用关键术语的能力不仅能提高考试成绩，还能加深你对生物、化学和物理的理解。本指南提供实用的记忆策略，并梳理你将遇到的最重要的术语，帮助你学得更快、记得更牢。

1. The Power of Word Roots | 词根的力量

Many scientific terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Once you recognise a root, you can often decode the meaning of an unfamiliar word. For example, ‘bio-‘ means life, so ‘biology’ is the study of life, and ‘biodegradable’ means able to be broken down by living things.

许多科学术语由希腊或拉丁词根构成。一旦你认出一个词根，通常就能解码陌生词汇的意思。例如，“bio-”表示生命，所以“biology”（生物学）就是研究生命的学问，“biodegradable”（可生物降解的）意思是可以被生物分解。

Start by building a personal word-root bank. Below are some essential prefixes and suffixes for Year 9 Science.

首先，建立一个自己的词根库。下面是九年级科学中一些重要的前缀和后缀。

Prefix/Suffix	Meaning	Example
bio-	life	biology, biomass
photo-	light	photosynthesis, photon
therm-	heat	endothermic, thermometer
-ology	study of	biology, geology
-scope	to view	microscope, telescope
hyper-	over, above	hypertonic, hyperactive
hypo-	under, below	hypotonic, hypothermia
exo-	outside, outward	exothermic, exoskeleton
endo-	inside, inner	endothermic, endocrine

Use these roots as building blocks. When you see ‘photosynthesis’, split it into ‘photo-‘ (light) and ‘synthesis’ (putting together) – the process plants use to put together food using light. This approach turns long words into manageable pieces.

把这些词根当作积木。当你看到“photosynthesis”（光合作用）时，把它拆成“photo-”（光）和“synthesis”（合成）——植物利用光合成食物的过程。这种方法能把长单词变得易于掌握。

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2. Biology: Cells and Organisation | 生物：细胞与组织

The cell is the basic unit of life. Key terms here often appear in practical and exam questions. Remembering the organelles by their jobs helps enormously.

细胞是生命的基本单位。这里的核心术语经常出现在实验和考题中。通过功能来记忆细胞器会大有帮助。

For instance, the nucleus is the control centre containing genetic material. The cell membrane controls what enters and leaves the cell like a selective barrier. Cytoplasm is the jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur. Mitochondria are often called the ‘powerhouses’ because they release energy through respiration. In plant cells, chloroplasts absorb light for photosynthesis and the permanent vacuole stores cell sap.

例如，细胞核是包含遗传物质的控制中心。细胞膜像一道选择性屏障，控制着物质的进出。细胞质是发生化学反应的果冻状物质。线粒体常被称为“细胞的发电站”，因为它们通过呼吸作用释放能量。在植物细胞中，叶绿体吸收光进行光合作用，永久液泡储存细胞液。

Term	Memory Hook
nucleus	‘Nucle’ sounds like ‘nucleus’ of an atom – central core
mitochondria	‘Mighty’ but small – mighty energy producers
chloroplast	‘Chloro-‘ green for chlorophyll, ‘-plast’ like plastic factory
ribosome	Tiny ‘ribo’ dots that make proteins

After cells, organisation levels go: cell → tissue → organ → organ system → organism. Using the acronym ‘CTO SO’ or visualising a ladder can help you memorise the sequence.

在细胞之后，组织层次依次为：细胞 → 组织 → 器官 → 器官系统 → 生物体。使用缩写“CTO SO”或将这个序列想象成梯子，可以帮助你记住顺序。

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3. Biology: Systems and Processes | 生物：系统与过程

The human body systems demand precise vocabulary. The digestive system begins at the mouth, and the food passes through the oesophagus into the stomach, then the small intestine where nutrients are absorbed into the blood. The large intestine absorbs water.

人体系统需要准确的词汇。消化系统从口腔开始，食物经过食道进入胃，然后进入小肠，营养物质在这里被吸收进血液。大肠吸收水分。

In gas exchange, the trachea leads to bronchi and bronchioles, ending in tiny air sacs called alveoli. Alveoli have thin walls and a huge surface area to speed up diffusion. Capillaries wrap around them to carry oxygen and carbon dioxide. Diffusion is the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to low concentration.

在气体交换中，气管通向支气管和细支气管，末端是称为肺泡的微小气囊。肺泡壁薄、表面积巨大，可加快扩散速度。毛细血管缠绕在肺泡周围，运输氧气和二氧化碳。扩散是粒子从高浓度区域向低浓度区域的净移动。

Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions. Each enzyme’s active site has a specific shape. The ‘lock and key’ model helps visualise this: only the correct substrate fits. Remember that enzyme names often end in ‘-ase’, such as amylase, protease and lipase.

酶是加速反应的生物催化剂。每种酶的活性位点都有特定的形状。“锁钥”模型有助于形象化理解：只有正确的底物才能契合。请记住，酶的名称常以“-ase”结尾，例如淀粉酶、蛋白酶和脂肪酶。

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4. Chemistry: Atoms and Elements | 化学：原子与元素

All substances are made from atoms. An atom has a tiny nucleus containing protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge), with electrons (negative charge) orbiting in shells. A quick memory aid: ‘Pro-ton positive, New-tron neutral’.

所有物质都由原子组成。原子有一个微小的原子核，其中包含质子（带正电）和中子（不带电），电子（带负电）在电子层中绕行。一个速记口诀：“质子正，中子零”。

An element is a substance made of only one type of atom. The periodic table arranges all known elements. Each element has a chemical symbol, e.g. O for oxygen, Na for sodium. The vertical columns are groups, and the horizontal rows are periods. Elements in the same group have similar properties – a useful pattern to recall.

元素是只由一种原子组成的物质。周期表排列了所有已知元素。每种元素都有一个化学符号，例如氧是O，钠是Na。纵列称为族，横行称为周期。同族元素具有相似的性质——这是一个容易记忆的规律。

A compound contains two or more different elements chemically bonded together. A mixture, by contrast, consists of different substances not chemically joined. Distinguishing these terms is a common exam requirement.

化合物包含两种或两种以上不同元素，它们以化学方式结合在一起。而混合物则由不同的物质组成，这些物质没有发生化学结合。区分这些术语是考试中的常见要求。

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5. Chemistry: Reactions and Bonding | 化学：反应与键合

During a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products. The overall mass stays the same – the law of conservation of mass. Bonds between atoms are rearranged.

在化学反应中，反应物转化为生成物。总质量保持不变——这就是质量守恒定律。原子之间的键发生了重排。

There are two main types of bonding to remember. In ionic bonding, atoms lose or gain electrons to form ions; oppositely charged ions attract each other. In covalent bonding, atoms share pairs of electrons. Thinking of ‘cation’ as ‘paw-sitive’ (cats have paws) and ‘anion’ as ‘a-negative ion’ can solidify the charge signs.

需要记住两种主要的键合方式。在离子键中，原子失去或获得电子形成离子；带相反电荷的离子相互吸引。在共价键中，原子共享电子对。把“cation”（阳离子）联想到“猫爪”（cats have paws）表示正电，“anion”（阴离子）看作“a negative ion”表示负电，可以记住电荷符号。

Reactions that give out heat are exothermic; those that absorb heat are endothermic. Link ‘exo’ to ‘exit’ (heat exits) and ‘endo’ to ‘enter’. A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used up. Enzymes are biological catalysts, linking chemistry to biology.

放出热量的反应是放热反应；吸收热量的反应是吸热反应。将“exo”与“exit”（热量外出）联系起来，“endo”与“enter”联系起来。催化剂能加速反应而自身不被消耗。酶是生物催化剂，把化学和生物联系起来。

2H₂ + O₂ → 2H₂O

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6. Physics: Forces and Motion | 物理：力与运动

A force is a push or pull, measured in newtons (N). Contact forces include friction and air resistance, while non-contact forces include gravity and magnetism. The resultant force determines whether an object changes speed or direction.

力是推或拉，单位是牛顿（N）。接触力包括摩擦力和空气阻力，非接触力包括重力和磁力。合力决定物体是否改变速度或方向。

It is crucial to distinguish between mass and weight. Mass is the amount of matter in an object, measured in kilograms (kg), and does not change with location. Weight is the force due to gravity, measured in newtons, and depends on the gravitational field strength. The equation links them directly.

区分质量和重量至关重要。质量是物体所含物质的多少，以千克（kg）为单位，不随位置变化。重量是重力引起的力，以牛顿为单位，取决于引力场强度。公式将二者直接联系起来。

weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g)

Speed and velocity are often confused. Speed is simply distance divided by time, while velocity is speed in a given direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity.

速率和速度经常被混淆。速率只是距离除以时间，而速度是带有方向的速率。加速度是速度变化的快慢。

speed = distance ÷ time (v = s ÷ t)

acceleration = change in velocity ÷ time taken

Newton’s second law ties force, mass and acceleration together. Memorise it as ‘F equals m a’.

牛顿第二定律将力、质量和加速度联系在一起。记住“F 等于 m 乘 a”。

force = mass × acceleration (F = m × a)

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7. Physics: Energy and Waves | 物理：能量与波

Energy can exist in many forms: kinetic, thermal, chemical, gravitational potential, elastic potential, and more. The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or transformed. ‘Energy is never lost, only moved or changed’ is a useful

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