📚 Year 9 Edexcel Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick-Memorisation Guide | Year 9 Edexcel 科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering science in Year 9 begins with a solid understanding of the key terms that underpin every topic. This guide groups essential vocabulary by topic, providing clear English definitions followed immediately by their Chinese equivalents, along with simple memory hooks tied to root words, prefixes, or everyday scenarios. Use this as a study companion to boost your confidence in the Edexcel curriculum.
掌握九年级科学始于对每个主题关键术语的扎实理解。本指南按主题分组整理核心词汇，先给出清晰的英文定义，紧接着提供中文对应解释，并借助词根、前缀或生活情景提供记忆线索。把它当作学习伴侣，提升你在 Edexcel 课程中的信心。
1. Cell Biology | 细胞生物学
Cell membrane – A selectively permeable barrier that controls what enters and leaves the cell.
细胞膜 – 控制物质进出细胞的选择性渗透屏障。联想：膜（membrane）像“门”（membrane 与 gate 无关，但可想象成“细胞门”）。
Nucleus – The organelle that contains genetic material (DNA) and controls cell activities.
细胞核 – 含有遗传物质（DNA）并控制细胞活动的细胞器。提示：nucleus 与“核”都含有核心之意。
Cytoplasm – A jelly-like substance where chemical reactions occur inside the cell.
细胞质 – 细胞内发生化学反应的胶状物质。cyto- = 细胞，plasm = 物质。
Mitochondria – Organelles that carry out respiration, providing energy for the cell.
线粒体 – 进行细胞呼吸、为细胞提供能量的细胞器。记法： mighty mitochondria 提供 power。
Ribosome – The site of protein synthesis.
核糖体 – 蛋白质合成的场所。ribo- 来自 ribose（核糖），-some = body（体）。
Cell wall – A rigid layer made of cellulose that supports plant cells and bacterial cells.
细胞壁 – 由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，支持和保护植物细胞与细菌细胞。容易：只在植物和细菌中，像“墙”。
2. Organisation in Living Things | 生命体的组织层次
Tissue – A group of similar cells working together to carry out a specific function.
组织 – 一群相似的细胞协同工作，完成特定功能。类似纺织组织（tissue）的含义。
Organ – A structure made of different tissues working together, e.g., the heart.
器官 – 由不同组织构成、共同发挥作用的结构，如心脏。organ 也可指“风琴”，复杂组合。
Organ system – A group of organs that work together to perform a major function, e.g., the digestive system.
器官系统 – 一组器官协同完成主要功能，如消化系统。系统 = system，组合成整体。
Differentiation – The process by which a cell becomes specialised for a particular job.
分化 – 细胞特化为特定功能的过程。differentiate = 变得不同。
3. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化
Gene – A section of DNA that codes for a specific protein or characteristic.
基因 – DNA 上编码特定蛋白质或性状的一段区域。
Allele – A different version of the same gene.
等位基因 – 同一基因的不同形式。记法：allele = alternative form。
Genotype – The combination of alleles an organism possesses.
基因型 – 生物体拥有的等位基因组合。geno- = gene，type = 类型。
Phenotype – The observable characteristics of an organism, resulting from the genotype and environment.
表现型 – 生物体可观察的特征，由基因型和环境共同决定。pheno- 来自希腊语“显现”。
Mutation – A change in the DNA sequence that may lead to a new trait.
突变 – DNA 序列的改变，可能带来新性状。mut = change。
Natural selection – The process by which organisms better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully.
自然选择 – 更适应环境的个体存活并繁殖更多后代的进程。达尔文的核心概念。
4. Ecology and Interdependence | 生态与相互依存
Ecosystem – A community of living organisms interacting with their non-living environment.
生态系统 – 生物群落与非生物环境相互作用的整体。eco- = 家，system = 系统。
Habitat – The natural environment where an organism lives.
栖息地 – 生物生活的自然环境。
Population – All the organisms of the same species living in a particular area.
种群 – 同一物种在某区域的所有个体。population 常见“人口”。
Community – All the different populations that live together in an area.
群落 – 在一个区域内共同生活的所有种群。即多物种集合。
Producer – An organism that makes its own food through photosynthesis, e.g., green plants.
生产者 – 通过光合作用制造自身食物的生物，如绿色植物。produce = 生产。
Consumer – An organism that obtains energy by eating other organisms.
消费者 – 通过捕食其他生物获取能量的生物。consume = 消费。
5. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素与化合物
Atom – The smallest particle of an element that retains its chemical properties.
原子 – 保持元素化学性质的最小粒子。不可分割（a- = not, tom = cut）。
Element – A substance made of only one type of atom.
元素 – 只由一种原子构成的物质。如氧元素。
Compound – A substance formed when two or more elements are chemically bonded together.
化合物 – 两种或以上元素通过化学键结合形成的物质。com- = together。
Molecule – A group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest unit of a compound.
分子 – 原子通过化学键结合形成的整体，是化合物的最小单位。如 H₂O 分子。
Mixture – A combination of substances not chemically bonded, e.g., air, salt water.
混合物 – 未发生化学键合的物质组合，如空气、盐水。mix = 混合。
6. The Periodic Table and Bonding | 元素周期表与化学键
Group – A vertical column in the periodic table; elements in the same group have similar properties.
族 – 周期表中的纵列；同族元素性质相似。group = 组。
Period – A horizontal row in the periodic table, showing trends in properties.
周期 – 周期表的横行，显示性质递变规律。
Ion – A charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
离子 – 原子得失电子后形成的带电粒子。
Ionic bond – The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions, typically between a metal and a non-metal.
离子键 – 带相反电荷离子之间的静电吸引，通常发生在金属与非金属之间。
Covalent bond – A chemical bond where two non-metal atoms share a pair of electrons.
共价键 – 两个非金属原子通过共用电子对形成的化学键。co- = together, valent = 价。
Metallic bond – The attraction between positive metal ions and delocalised electrons.
金属键 – 正金属离子与离域电子之间的吸引力。
7. Chemical Reactions and Equations | 化学反应与方程式
Reactant – A substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction.
反应物 – 参与化学反应并发生变化的物质。react = 反应。
Product – A substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction.
生成物 – 化学反应产生的物质。product = 产品。
Conservation of mass – The principle that the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.
质量守恒 – 反应物总质量等于生成物总质量的定律。守恒 = conservation，保持。
Exothermic – A reaction that releases energy, usually as heat, to the surroundings.
放热 – 向环境释放能量的反应，通常以热的形式。exo- = out, therm = 热。
Endothermic – A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings.
吸热 – 从环境吸收能量的反应。endo- = inside。
Catalyst – A substance that speeds up a reaction without being used up itself.
催化剂 – 加快反应速率而自身不被消耗的物质。cata- = down, -lyst = 裂解。
8. Acids, Bases and pH | 酸、碱与pH
Acid – A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in aqueous solution and has a pH less than 7.
酸 – 在水溶液中释放氢离子 (H⁺)，pH 小于 7 的物质。柠檬酸等。
Base – A substance that neutralises an acid, often producing a salt and water; a soluble base is called an alkali.
碱 – 能中和酸、通常生成盐和水的物质；可溶性碱称为 alkali（碱性）。
pH scale – A measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, ranging from 0 (strongly acidic) to 14 (strongly alkaline).
pH 标度 – 衡量溶液酸碱性的尺度，从 0（强酸）到 14（强碱）。pH = potential of Hydrogen。
Neutralisation – The reaction between an acid and a base, producing salt and water, and bringing the pH towards 7.
中和 – 酸与碱反应，生成盐和水，pH 趋向 7。neutral = 中性。
Indicator – A substance that changes colour in the presence of an acid or alkali, e.g., litmus, universal indicator.
指示剂 – 遇酸或碱变色的物质，如石蕊、通用指示剂。indicate = 指示。
9. Energy and Energy Transfers | 能量与能量传递
Kinetic energy – The energy an object possesses due to its motion.
动能 – 物体因运动而拥有的能量。kinetic = 运动的。
Potential energy – Stored energy an object has because of its position or state, e.g., gravitational, elastic.
势能 – 因位置或状态而储存的能量，如重力势能、弹性势能。potential = 潜在的。
Conservation of energy – Energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred or converted between forms.
能量守恒 – 能量既不会创生也不会消灭，只能传递或转换形式。重要定律。
Conduction – The transfer of thermal energy through a material without the movement of the material itself.
热传导 – 热量通过物质而不发生物质宏观移动的传递方式。conduce = 引导。
Convection – The transfer of heat by the movement of fluids (liquids or gases).
热对流 – 通过流体（液体或气体）的移动传递热量的方式。convection = 传送。
Radiation – The transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves, does not require a medium.
热辐射 – 通过电磁波传递能量，不需要介质。radiate = 辐射。
10. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force – A push or pull that can change the motion, shape, or direction of an object, measured in newtons (N).
力 – 能改变物体运动状态、形状或方向的推或拉，单位牛顿 (N)。
Friction – A force that opposes motion between two surfaces in contact.
摩擦力 – 阻碍两个接触表面相对运动的力。friction = 摩擦。
Resultant force – The overall force acting on an object after combining all individual forces.
合力 – 所有作用在物体上的力合成后的总力。resultant = 结果产生的。
Velocity – The speed of an object in a given direction.
速度 – 物体在特定方向上的速率。velocity 强调方向。
Acceleration – The rate of change of velocity; can be speeding up, slowing down, or changing direction.
加速度 – 速度变化的快慢；可指加速、减速或转向。accelerate = 加速。
Momentum – The product of an object’s mass and its velocity, conserved in collisions.
动量 – 物体质量与速度的乘积，碰撞中守恒。momentum = 运动量。
11. Waves and Electromagnetic Spectrum | 波与电磁波谱
Wave – A disturbance that transfers energy from one place to another without transferring matter.
波 – 将能量从一个地方传递到另一个地方的扰动，不传递物质。
Wavelength – The distance between two corresponding points on consecutive waves, e.g., crest to crest.
波长 – 相邻波形上对应点之间的距离，如波峰到波峰。
Frequency – The number of complete waves passing a point per second, measured in hertz (Hz).
频率 – 每秒通过某点的完整波数，单位赫兹 (Hz)。frequent = 频繁。
Amplitude – The maximum displacement of a wave from its rest position; indicates energy.
振幅 – 波离开平衡位置的最大位移，反映能量大小。
Electromagnetic spectrum – The continuous range of electromagnetic waves, from radio waves to gamma rays.
电磁波谱 – 电磁波的连续范围，从无线电波到伽马射线。spectrum = 谱。
Refraction – The bending of light when it passes from one medium to another due to a change in speed.
折射 – 光从一种介质进入另一种介质时因速度改变而发生的弯曲。re- = back, fract = break。
12. Electricity and Magnetism | 电与磁
Current – The flow of electric charge (electrons), measured in amperes (A).
电流 – 电荷（电子）的流动，单位安培 (A)。current = 流。
Voltage – The electrical potential difference that drives the current, measured in volts (V).
电压 – 驱动电流的电位差，单位伏特 (V)。也称 potential difference。
Resistance – The opposition to the flow of electric current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻 – 对电流流动的阻碍，单位欧姆 (Ω)。resist = 抵抗。
Series circuit – A circuit where components are connected in a single loop; the current is the same everywhere.
串联电路 – 所有元件连接在单一回路中，各处电流相等。
Parallel circuit – A circuit where components are connected on separate branches; the voltage across each branch is the same.
并联电路 – 各元件连接在独立支路中，各支路电压相等。
Magnetic field – The region around a magnet where a magnetic force can be felt, shown by field lines.
磁场 – 磁体周围可感受磁力的区域，用磁感线表示。
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