📚 Year 9 OCR Engineering: Vocabulary Terminology Quick Reference Guide | Year 9 OCR 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering the language of engineering is the first step towards becoming a confident designer and maker. This guide breaks down the most important terms you will encounter in Year 9 OCR Engineering, pairing clear English definitions with mirrored Chinese translations to help you learn faster and retain key concepts. Use it alongside your practical work to bridge the gap between theory and hands-on problem-solving.
掌握工程学的语言，是成为一名自信的设计师与制造者的第一步。本指南将你在 Year 9 OCR 工程课程中会遇到的最重要术语一一拆解，以清晰的英文定义搭配对应的中文翻译，帮助你更快学习、牢记关键概念。将其与你的实践作业结合使用，在理论与动手解决问题之间架起桥梁。
1. The Design Process | 设计流程
Design Brief: A design brief is a clear written statement that identifies the problem to be solved, the target user, and the main constraints. It is often provided by a client and serves as the foundation for all subsequent design work.
设计简报：设计简报是一份清晰的书面陈述，明确要解决的问题、目标用户及主要限制条件。它通常由客户提供，并作为所有后续设计工作的基础。
Specification: A specification is a detailed list of requirements that the final product must meet. It is developed from the design brief and includes measurable criteria such as dimensions, materials, functions, and safety standards.
规格书：规格书是最终产品必须满足的详细要求清单，它根据设计简报制定，包含尺寸、材料、功能和安全标准等可量化的准则。
Prototype: A prototype is an early sample or working model created to test a design concept. Engineers use prototypes to evaluate performance, identify design flaws, and collect user feedback before mass production begins.
原型：原型是为测试设计概念而制作的早期样品或工作模型。工程师利用原型来评估性能、发现设计缺陷并在量产前收集用户反馈。
2. Drawing & Communication | 制图与沟通
Isometric Drawing: An isometric drawing is a 3D representation on a 2D surface where vertical lines are drawn vertically and horizontal lines are drawn at 30° angles to the baseline. It provides a realistic view without perspective distortion, making it easy to see an object’s shape.
等角图：等角图是在二维平面上以三维方式表现物体的图样，垂直线保持垂直，水平线则与基准线成 30° 角绘制。它能提供无透视变形的真实感视角，便于观察物体的外形。
Orthographic Projection: Orthographic projection uses multiple 2D views (usually front, side, and plan) to fully describe a 3D object. Each view shows the object from a different direction, with dimensions accurately transferred between views.
正交投影：正交投影利用多个二维视图（通常为主视图、侧视图和俯视图）来完整描述三维物体。每个视图从不同方向展示物体，各视图之间尺寸精确对应。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): CAD is the use of computer software to create precise 2D drawings or 3D models. It allows engineers to simulate, modify, and test designs digitally before making a physical prototype.
计算机辅助设计 (CAD)：CAD 是利用计算机软件创建精确二维图样或三维模型的技术。它允许工程师在制作物理原型前，以数字方式模拟、修改和测试设计。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacture): CAM uses software to control machinery like CNC routers or laser cutters during production. CAD files are directly converted into instructions for the machine, improving speed and accuracy.
计算机辅助制造 (CAM)：CAM 利用软件在生产过程中控制数控机床或激光切割机等设备。CAD 文件被直接转化为机器的加工指令，从而提高速度与精度。
3. Materials – Metals & Alloys | 材料 – 金属与合金
Ferrous Metal: A ferrous metal contains iron and is usually magnetic. Mild steel, a common ferrous metal, is strong, ductile, and widely used in construction, but it tends to rust if not protected.
黑色金属：黑色金属含有铁，通常具有磁性。常见的低碳钢就是一种黑色金属，强度高、延展性好，广泛用于建筑领域，但若不加以防护则容易生锈。
Non-Ferrous Metal: Non-ferrous metals do not contain iron and are generally not magnetic. Aluminium and copper are examples; they resist corrosion well and are lighter than ferrous metals, making them ideal for aerospace and electrical applications.
有色金属：有色金属不含铁，通常无磁性。铝和铜就是例子；它们耐腐蚀性能好，比黑色金属轻，非常适合航空航天和电气应用。
Alloy: An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal, designed to improve properties. Brass (copper + zinc) is harder than pure copper, while stainless steel (iron + chromium + nickel) is highly resistant to rust.
合金：合金是由两种或多种元素混合而成的材料，其中至少有一种是金属，旨在改善性能。黄铜（铜 + 锌）比纯铜更硬，而不锈钢（铁 + 铬 + 镍）则具有很高的防锈能力。
4. Materials – Polymers & Woods | 材料 – 聚合物与木材
Thermoplastic: Thermoplastics can be repeatedly heated, reshaped, and cooled without significant chemical change. Examples include acrylic, ABS, and polythene; they are widely used because they can be recycled and reformed.
热塑性塑料：热塑性塑料可以反复加热、重塑和冷却，而不会发生显著的化学变化。例子包括亚克力、ABS 和聚乙烯；因其可回收和再成型而被广泛使用。
Thermosetting Plastic: Thermosetting plastics undergo a permanent chemical change when heated and set into a rigid form. Once cured, they cannot be remelted; urea formaldehyde and epoxy resin are typical examples, often used for electrical fittings and strong adhesives.
热固性塑料：热固性塑料在加热时发生永久化学变化，并固化成刚性形态。一旦固化便无法再次熔化；脲醛树脂和环氧树脂是典型例子，常用于电器配件和强力粘合剂。
Hardwood: Hardwood comes from deciduous trees that lose their leaves seasonally. Oak, beech, and mahogany are hardwoods; they are generally dense and durable, making them suitable for furniture and flooring.
硬木：硬木来自季节性落叶的落叶树。橡木、山毛榉和桃花心木都是硬木；它们通常质地致密且耐用，适合制作家具和地板。
Softwood: Softwood comes from coniferous trees that bear cones and usually keep their needles all year. Pine and cedar grow faster than hardwoods, are easier to work with, and are commonly used in construction and paper production.
软木：软木来自针叶树，这类树木结球果且通常四季常青。松木和雪松比硬木生长更快，更易加工，常用于建筑和纸张生产。
Manufactured Board: Manufactured boards are man-made sheets produced by bonding wood fibres, particles, or veneers together. MDF (medium-density fibreboard) and plywood are examples; they offer uniform strength and are less prone to warping than natural timber.
人造板：人造板是通过将木纤维、颗粒或薄木片粘合在一起而制成的人造板材。中密度纤维板 (MDF) 和胶合板就是例子；它们强度均匀，且比天然木材更不易翘曲。
5. Forces & Mechanical Systems | 力与机械系统
Load: The load is the force that needs to be overcome or moved by a machine. In a lever system, it is the resistance you are trying to lift, such as a weight on a seesaw or a lid being pried open.
负载：负载是需要被机器克服或移动的力。在杠杆系统中，它就是你试图抬起的阻力，比如跷跷板上的重量或被撬开的盖子。
Effort: Effort is the force applied by the user to operate a mechanism. The position where you apply effort relative to the fulcrum determines how easily the load can be moved.
施力：施力是使用者为操作机构而施加的力。施力点相对于支点的位置决定了移动负载的难易程度。
Fulcrum: The fulcrum is the pivot point around which a lever rotates. Placing the fulcrum closer to the load reduces the effort needed, as described by the principle of mechanical advantage.
支点：支点是杠杆绕其旋转的枢轴点。将支点靠近负载可以减少所需的施力，这正是机械增益原理所描述的。
Mechanical Advantage (MA): Mechanical advantage is the ratio of the load force to the effort force. Calculated as MA = load / effort, a value greater than 1 means the mechanism multiplies the input force, making work easier.
机械增益 (MA)：机械增益是负载力与施力之比。计算公式为 MA = 负载 / 施力，数值大于 1 表示该机构放大了输入力，使工作更省力。
Gear Ratio: A gear ratio compares the number of teeth on two meshing gears. If a driven gear has twice as many teeth as the driver, the output speed halves but torque doubles, illustrating the speed–torque trade-off.
齿轮比：齿轮比比较两个啮合齿轮的齿数。若从动齿轮的齿数是主动齿轮的两倍，则输出转速减半而扭矩加倍，这体现了转速与扭矩的权衡关系。
6. Electronics & Circuits | 电子与电路
Voltage (V): Voltage is the electrical “pressure” that pushes current around a circuit. It is measured in volts (V) and is supplied by a battery or power pack. Higher voltage enables more current to flow through a given resistance.
电压 (V)：电压是推动电流在电路中流动的电 “压力”，以伏特 (V) 为单位，由电池或电源提供。电压越高，在给定电阻下流过的电流就越大。
Current (I): Current is the flow of electric charge through a conductor. Measured in amperes (A), it represents how many electrons move past a point per second. Components must be rated to handle expected current to avoid overheating.
电流 (I)：电流是电荷在导体中的流动，以安培 (A) 计量，表示每秒通过某点的电子数量。元件的额定电流必须能承受预期电流，以避免过热。
Resistance (R): Resistance opposes the flow of current, turning some electrical energy into heat. Measured in ohms (Ω), resistors are used to protect components like LEDs. Ohm’s Law states V = I × R, linking the three fundamental quantities.
电阻 (R)：电阻阻碍电流流动，将部分电能转化为热能。以欧姆 (Ω) 为单位，电阻器用于保护 LED 等元件。欧姆定律 V = I × R 将这三个基本量联系起来。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): An LED is a semiconductor device that emits light when current flows through it in the correct direction. It is energy-efficient and requires a current-limiting resistor to prevent damage.
发光二极管 (LED)：LED 是一种半导体器件，当电流沿正确方向流过时就会发光。它节能高效，但需要串联限流电阻以防止损坏。
Series and Parallel Circuits: In a series circuit, components are connected end-to-end, so current is the same everywhere, but voltage divides. In a parallel circuit, each branch receives the full supply voltage, and total current splits among the branches.
串联与并联电路：在串联电路中，元件首尾相连，电流处处相等但电压被分压。在并联电路中，各支路获得全部电源电压，总电流则分配在各支路中。
7. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Marking Out: Marking out is the process of transferring design dimensions onto a workpiece using tools like scribers, engineers’ squares, and centre punches. Accurate marking out ensures that drilling or cutting happens precisely where intended.
划线：划线是使用画针、直角尺和中心冲等工具，将设计尺寸转移到工件上的过程。准确的划线能确保钻孔或切割在预定位置精确进行。
Drilling: Drilling creates a circular hole in a material using a rotating drill bit. Pilot holes are often drilled first to guide larger bits, and speeds must be adjusted for different materials (e.g., slower for metals).
钻孔：钻孔是利用旋转钻头在材料上加工出圆孔。通常先钻导引孔来引导较大的钻头，并且不同材料需调整转速（例如金属需较慢速度）。
Filing: Filing removes small amounts of material using a hardened steel file to smooth edges, shape surfaces, or achieve a precise fit. Cross-filing and draw-filing are two common techniques used in the workshop.
锉削：锉削是用淬硬的钢锉去除少量材料，以修整边缘、塑造表面或达到精确配合。交叉锉和拉锉是车间常用的两种技巧。
Soldering: Soldering joins electronic components to a circuit board by melting a filler metal (solder) at a lower temperature than the workpieces. A clean, heated joint allows solder to flow and form a conductive bond without melting the components themselves.
焊接：焊接是在低于工件熔点的温度下熔化填充金属（焊料），将电子元器件连接到电路板上。清洁且加热的焊点能让焊料流动并形成导电连接，而不会熔化元器件本身。
8. Measurement & Tolerance | 测量与公差
Accuracy: Accuracy describes how close a measured value is to the true or accepted value. An accurate component matches the design specification exactly, and accurate measurement tools must be properly calibrated.
准确度：准确度描述测量值接近真实值或公认值的程度。一个准确的零件完全符合设计规格，而准确的测量工具必须经过适当校准。
Precision: Precision refers to the consistency of repeated measurements. Even if a set of measurements is not perfectly accurate, they can be precise if they show very little variation from one another.
精密度：精密度指重复测量的一致性。即使一组测量值不完全准确，只要彼此之间差异极小，就可以说它们很精密。
Tolerance: Tolerance is the permissible limit of variation in a physical dimension. A drawing might specify 50 mm ±0.5 mm, meaning the part can be manufactured between 49.5 mm and 50.5 mm and still be acceptable.
公差：公差是物理尺寸所允许的变化范围。图纸上可能标注 50 mm ±0.5 mm，表示零件可在 49.5 mm 至 50.5 mm 之间制造并仍被接受。
Vernier Caliper: A Vernier caliper measures internal, external, and depth dimensions with a typical precision of 0.1 mm or 0.02 mm. It uses a main scale and a sliding Vernier scale to give readings finer than a steel rule.
游标卡尺：游标卡尺可测量内径、外径和深度尺寸，典型精密度为 0.1 mm 或 0.02 mm。它利用主尺和滑动的游标尺进行读数，比钢直尺更精细。
9. Quality & Sustainability | 质量与可持续性
Quality Control: Quality control involves inspecting and testing products during and after manufacture to check they meet the specification. Defective items are identified and either reworked or scrapped to prevent them reaching the customer.
质量控制：质量控制是在制造过程中及制造完成后检查和测试产品，以确保符合规格。不合格品被挑出并进行返工或报废，以防其流入客户手中。
Quality Assurance: Quality assurance focuses on the processes used to make a product, aiming to prevent defects from occurring in the first place. It involves planning, documentation, and consistent procedures across the whole production system.
质量保证：质量保证关注的是制造产品的流程，旨在从一开始就预防缺陷。它涉及规划、文档化以及整个生产系统中一致的操作规程。
The 6Rs: The 6Rs are a framework for sustainable thinking: Reduce consumption, Reuse products, Recycle materials, Repair items, Refuse unnecessary packaging, and Rethink design choices. Engineers apply these principles to lower environmental impact throughout a product’s life cycle.
6R 原则：6R 是一个可持续思维框架：减少消耗 (Reduce)、重复使用 (Reuse)、回收材料 (Recycle)、修复物品 (Repair)、拒绝不必要的包装 (Refuse) 和重新思考设计选择 (Rethink)。工程师运用这些原则降低产品整个生命周期的环境影响。
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA): LCA evaluates the environmental impact of a product from raw material extraction, through manufacturing and use, to final disposal. It helps designers identify “hot spots” where changes could improve sustainability.
生命周期评估 (LCA)：LCA 评估产品从原材料提取、制造、使用到最终处置的环境影响。它帮助设计师找出可通过改进来提高可持续性的 “热点” 环节。
10. Health & Safety | 健康与安全
Risk Assessment: A risk assessment identifies hazards in the workshop, evaluates who might be harmed and how, and outlines control measures to reduce risk to an acceptable level. It is a legal requirement before any practical activity begins.
风险评估：风险评估识别车间中的危害，评估谁可能受到伤害及如何受到伤害，并列出控制措施以将风险降低到可接受的水平。这是任何实践活动开始前的法律要求。
Hazard: A hazard is anything with the potential to cause harm, such as a sharp tool, a hot surface, or a slippery floor. Recognising hazards is the first step in maintaining a safe working environment.
危害：危害是任何可能造成伤害的事物，如锋利的工具、高温表面或湿滑的地面。识别危害是维护安全工作环境的第一步。
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): PPE is equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. In an engineering workshop, typical PPE includes safety goggles, aprons, steel-toe boots, and ear defenders, and it must be worn correctly to be effective.
个人防护装备 (PPE)：个人防护装备是为了最大限度减少接触危害而穿戴的装备。在工程车间中，典型的 PPE 包括护目镜、工作围裙、安全靴和耳罩，且必须正确穿戴才能生效。
Published by TutorHao | Engineering Revision Series | aleveler.com
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