📚 Year 9 OCR Science: Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | 九年级OCR科学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering scientific vocabulary is the first step towards success in Year 9 OCR Science. This guide breaks down key terms across biology, chemistry and physics, offering clear definitions and memory strategies to help you recall them confidently in assessments. Each term is presented with its English explanation immediately followed by a Chinese translation, so you can learn both the concept and the language together.
掌握科学词汇是在九年级OCR科学中取得成功的第一步。本指南将生物、化学和物理中的关键术语分解开来，提供清晰的定义和记忆策略，帮助你在评估中自信地回忆它们。每个术语先给出英文解释，紧接着是中文翻译，让你能够同时学习概念和语言。
1. Scientific Enquiry Vocabulary | 科学探究词汇
In Year 9, you will plan and carry out investigations. It is essential to know the words that describe the method. A hypothesis is a testable prediction, often written as ‘If… then…’ A variable is any factor that can change. The independent variable is the one you change deliberately; the dependent variable is the one you measure. All other variables must be kept the same and are called control variables. The control group provides a baseline for comparison, where the independent variable is not applied.
在九年级，你将计划和实施探究。了解描述方法的词语至关重要。假设是一个可检验的预测，通常写成“如果……那么……”的形式。变量是任何可以改变的因素。自变量是你有意改变的那个；因变量是你测量的那个。所有其他变量必须保持不变，称为控制变量。对照组提供比较的基线，其中自变量不被应用。
When presenting results, we talk about accuracy (how close a measurement is to the true value) and precision (how closely repeated measurements agree with each other). A random error causes readings to be spread around the true value; a systematic error shifts all readings in one direction. Understanding these helps you evaluate your experiment.
在呈现结果时，我们谈论准确度（测量值接近真实值的程度）和精确度（重复测量值彼此一致的程度）。随机误差导致读数散布在真实值周围；系统误差使所有读数向一个方向偏移。理解这些有助于你评估实验。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Quick Definition |
|---|---|---|
| Hypothesis | 假设 | A testable idea / 可检验的设想 |
| Independent variable | 自变量 | What you change / 你改变的 |
| Dependent variable | 因变量 | What you measure / 你测量的 |
| Control variable | 控制变量 | Kept constant / 保持不变的 |
2. Cells, Tissues and Organs | 细胞、组织和器官
All living things are made of cells. In Year 9 biology, you must distinguish between prokaryotic cells (simpler, no nucleus, e.g. bacteria) and eukaryotic cells (complex, with a nucleus, e.g. plant and animal cells). Key organelles include the nucleus (contains DNA), mitochondria (site of respiration), ribosomes (make proteins) and, in plants, chloroplasts (photosynthesis) and a permanent vacuole.
所有生物都由细胞组成。在九年级生物中，你必须区分原核细胞（较简单，无细胞核，如细菌）和真核细胞（复杂，有细胞核，如动植物细胞）。关键的细胞器包括细胞核（含DNA）、线粒体（呼吸作用场所）、核糖体（制造蛋白质）以及植物中的叶绿体（光合作用）和永久液泡。
Cells group together to form tissues; tissues work together as an organ; organs form organ systems. For example, muscle cells form muscle tissue, which makes up the heart (an organ), and the heart is part of the circulatory system. The digestive system breaks down food, the respiratory system exchanges gases, and the nervous system carries electrical impulses.
细胞聚集形成组织；组织共同工作形成器官；器官构成器官系统。例如，肌肉细胞形成肌肉组织，肌肉组织构成心脏（一个器官），心脏是循环系统的一部分。消化系统分解食物，呼吸系统交换气体，神经系统传递电冲动。
3. Genetics and Evolution | 遗传与进化
DNA is the molecule that carries genetic instructions. A gene is a section of DNA that codes for a particular protein. Different versions of the same gene are called alleles. Genotype describes the combination of alleles an organism has, while phenotype is the observable characteristic. A dominant allele always shows its effect if present; a recessive allele only shows when two copies are present.
DNA 是携带遗传指令的分子。基因 是编码特定蛋白质的一段DNA。同一基因的不同形式称为等位基因。基因型描述一个生物体拥有的等位基因组合，而表现型是可观察到的特征。显性等位基因只要存在就会表现其效应；隐性等位基因只有存在两个拷贝时才会表现。
Natural selection is the process where organisms with characteristics better suited to the environment survive and reproduce, passing on those favourable alleles. Over many generations, this leads to evolution. Key terms here are variation (differences between individuals), adaptation (a feature that helps survival) and species (organisms that can interbreed to produce fertile offspring).
自然选择是这样一个过程：那些特征更适应环境的生物生存下来并繁殖，将这些有利的等位基因传递下去。经过许多代，这导致了进化。这里的关键术语有变异（个体间的差异）、适应（有助于生存的特征）和物种（能够相互交配并产生可育后代的生物）。
4. Atoms, Elements and Compounds | 原子、元素和化合物
Everything is made from atoms, the smallest unit of an element. An element contains only one type of atom. A compound is a substance made of two or more different elements chemically bonded together. A mixture contains different substances that are not chemically combined, so they can be separated by physical methods such as filtration or distillation.
万物都由原子构成，原子是元素的最小单位。元素只含有一种类型的原子。化合物是由两种或更多不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。混合物含有不同的物质，它们没有被化学结合在一起，因此可以通过过滤或蒸馏等物理方法分离。
The periodic table arranges elements in order of atomic number, which is the number of protons in the nucleus. The mass number is the total number of protons and neutrons. Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons. Electron shells determine how atoms bond: atoms want a full outer shell to become stable.
元素周期表按原子序数（原子核中的质子数）排列元素。质量数是质子和中子的总数。同位素是同一元素中子数不同的原子。电子层决定了原子如何成键：原子希望拥有完整的外层电子层以达到稳定。
5. Chemical Reactions | 化学反应
In a chemical reaction, reactants are transformed into products. The total mass stays the same – this is the law of conservation of mass. Reactions can be shown using word equations or symbol equations. A balanced symbol equation has the same number of each type of atom on both sides.
在化学反应中，反应物转变为生成物。总质量保持不变——这就是质量守恒定律。反应可以用文字方程式或符号方程式表示。配平的符号方程式在两边每种原子的数目都相同。
Exothermic reactions transfer energy to the surroundings, increasing temperature (e.g. combustion). Endothermic reactions take in energy from the surroundings, decreasing temperature (e.g. photosynthesis). Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reaction to start. A catalyst speeds up a reaction without being used up.
放热反应将能量传递给周围环境，使温度升高（如燃烧）。吸热反应从周围环境吸收能量，使温度降低（如光合作用）。活化能是反应开始所需的最低能量。催化剂能加速反应而自身不被消耗。
6. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
A force is a push or pull that can change an object’s speed, direction or shape. Contact forces (e.g. friction, air resistance) act when objects touch. Non-contact forces (e.g. gravity, magnetic force) act at a distance. Weight is the force due to gravity on a mass: weight = mass × gravitational field strength (W = m × g).
力是一种推或拉，可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。接触力（如摩擦力、空气阻力）在物体接触时起作用。非接触力（如重力、磁力）在一定距离外起作用。重量是质量所受的重力：重量 = 质量 × 引力场强度（W = m × g）。
Speed is how fast something moves (distance ÷ time). Velocity is speed in a given direction. Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. A resultant force is the overall force acting on an object. If resultant force is zero, the object is in equilibrium and its motion doesn’t change. If resultant force is not zero, the object accelerates in the direction of the force.
速率是物体运动的快慢（距离 ÷ 时间）。速度是给定方向上的速率。加速度是速度变化的速率。合力是作用在物体上的总力。如果合力为零，物体处于平衡状态，其运动状态不变。如果合力不为零，物体沿力的方向加速。
7. Energy Stores and Transfers | 能量储存与转移
Energy can be stored in different ways. The main energy stores are: kinetic (moving objects), gravitational potential (objects raised up), elastic potential (stretched or compressed objects), thermal (hot objects), chemical (food, fuels, batteries), and nuclear (atomic nuclei). The principle of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred between stores.
能量可以以不同方式储存。主要的能量储存有：动能（运动的物体）、重力势能（被升高的物体）、弹性势能（被拉伸或压缩的物体）、热能（热的物体）、化学能（食物、燃料、电池）和核能（原子核）。能量守恒原理指出，能量不能被创造或消灭，只能在储存之间转移。
Energy transfers happen via mechanical work (a force moving an object), heating (conduction, convection, radiation), and radiation (light or sound waves). A dissipated energy store is one that has spread out and is no longer useful. Efficiency = useful output energy transfer ÷ total input energy transfer (× 100%).
能量转移通过机械功（力使物体运动）、加热（传导、对流、辐射）和辐射（光波或声波）发生。耗散的能量储存是指已经散开且不再有用的能量。效率 = 有用的输出能量转移 ÷ 总输入能量转移（× 100%）。
8. Earth Science: Rock Cycle and Resources | 地球科学：岩石循环和资源
The rock cycle describes how rocks change between igneous (formed from cooled magma or lava), sedimentary (formed from compressed sediments) and metamorphic (formed by heat and pressure). Weathering is the breakdown of rocks in place, while erosion involves the removal and transport of rock particles by water, wind or ice.
岩石循环描述了岩石如何在火成岩（由冷却的岩浆或熔岩形成）、沉积岩（由压实的沉积物形成）和变质岩（由热和压力形成）之间转化。风化是岩石在原地的分解，而侵蚀涉及水、风或冰将岩石颗粒带走和搬运。
Natural resources can be renewable (can be replaced at a similar rate to use, e.g. solar, wind) or non-renewable (used faster than they form, e.g. fossil fuels). The carbon cycle shows how carbon moves between the atmosphere, organisms and oceans via processes like photosynthesis, respiration and combustion.
自然资源可以是可再生的（能以与使用相似的速度被替代，例如太阳能、风能）或不可再生的（使用速度快于形成速度，例如化石燃料）。碳循环显示碳如何通过光合作用、呼吸作用和燃烧等过程在大气、生物和海洋之间移动。
9. Memorisation Strategies for Science Terms | 科学术语记忆策略
Learning vocabulary does not have to be dull. Use mnemonics – for example, ‘MRS GREN’ for life processes (Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition). Create flashcards with the term on one side and the definition in both English and your preferred language on the reverse. Testing yourself regularly improves long-term retention.
学习词汇不必枯燥。使用记忆术——例如，用’Mrs Gren’帮助记忆生命过程（运动、呼吸、感应、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养）。制作闪卡，一面写术语，另一面用英文和你偏好的语言写定义。定期自测能提高长期记忆。
Another powerful technique is mind mapping. Place a central topic like ‘Forces’ in the middle and branch out with key vocabulary. Connect related ideas with lines and add small doodles. This visual organisation helps your brain see patterns. Finally, try to teach the term to someone else – explaining out loud cements your understanding.
另一个强有力的技巧是思维导图。把中心主题如“力”放在中间，然后分出关键词汇。用线条连接相关的想法并添加小图画。这种视觉化的组织方式帮助大脑看到模式。最后，尝试把术语教给别人——大声解释能巩固你的理解。
10. Command Words in OCR Science Exams | OCR科学考试中的指令词
To gain full marks, you must know what the question asks. State means give a short, factual answer. Describe means give a detailed account of what happens (but not why). Explain means give reasons – link cause and effect using scientific concepts. Evaluate means give both sides of an argument and reach a conclusion based on evidence.
要获得满分，你必须知道题目要求什么。State 意味着给出一个简短的事实性答案。Describe 意味着详细叙述发生的情况（但不解释原因）。Explain 意味着给出理由——用科学概念联系因果。Evaluate 意味着给出论点正反两面，并根据证据得出结论。
Other common command words include calculate (work out a numerical answer, showing your working), compare (point out similarities and differences), suggest (apply your knowledge to a new situation) and predict (say what you think will happen, often using a pattern). Practise spotting these in past papers to build confidence.
其他常见的指令词包括calculate（计算出一个数值答案，展示计算步骤）、compare（指出相似点和不同点）、suggest（将知识应用于新情境）和predict（说出你认为会发生什么，通常根据规律）。在历年试卷中练习识别这些词能建立信心。
11. Common Prefixes and Suffixes in Science | 科学中常见的前缀和后缀
Many scientific terms are built from Greek or Latin roots. Recognising them can help you decode unfamiliar words. ‘photo-‘ means light (photosynthesis, photon). ‘therm-‘ means heat (thermometer, exothermic). ‘bio-‘ means life (biology, biomass). ‘aero-‘ means air (aerobic, aerosol). Suffixes like ‘-osis’ denote a process (mitosis, photosynthesis) and ‘-ide’ often indicates a binary compound (sodium chloride, carbon dioxide).
许多科学术语由希腊语或拉丁语词根构成。识别它们可以帮助你破解不熟悉的单词。‘photo-‘ 表示光（photosynthesis光合作用, photon光子）。‘therm-‘ 表示热（thermometer温度计, exothermic放热的）。‘bio-‘ 表示生命（biology生物学, biomass生物质）。‘aero-‘ 表示空气（aerobic需氧的, aerosol气溶胶）。后缀如 ‘-osis’ 表示一个过程（mitosis有丝分裂, photosynthesis光合作用），‘-ide’ 通常表示二元化合物（sodium chloride氯化钠, carbon dioxide二氧化碳）。
Numbers are also shown by prefixes: ‘mono-‘ (1), ‘di-‘ (2), ‘tri-‘ (3). So carbon dioxide has two oxygen atoms; a triatomic molecule has three atoms. Keeping a small glossary of these building blocks will make scientific language far less intimidating and boost your reading speed in exams.
数字也通过前缀表示：‘mono-‘（1），‘di-‘（2），‘tri-‘（3）。因此，carbon dioxide（二氧化碳）有两个氧原子；triatomic molecule（三原子分子）有三个原子。保存一份这些构词部件的小词汇表会让科学语言变得不那么令人生畏，并提高你在考试中的阅读速度。
12. Building Your Own Science Dictionary | 建立你自己的科学词典
The most effective way to master vocabulary is to actively use it. Write a brief definition for each new term in your own words, and draw a simple diagram if possible. Include an example sentence that shows the word in a context relevant to your OCR course. Revisit your dictionary weekly; say the word and definition aloud.
掌握词汇最有效的方式是主动使用它。用你自己的话为每个新术语写一个简短定义，如果可能的话画一个简单的图表。包括一个例句，显示该词在与你的OCR课程相关的语境中的用法。每周复习你的词典；大声说出单词和定义。
You can organise your dictionary by topic (B1: Cells, C1: Particles, P1: Forces) so it matches your revision. Colour-code the entries: blue for physics, green for biology, orange for chemistry. The act of creating the resource reinforces memory, and personalising it makes revision more engaging. Use it alongside the memorisation strategies from Section 9 for best results.
你可以按主题组织你的词典（B1: 细胞，C1: 粒子，P1: 力），这样它与你的复习相匹配。给条目进行颜色编码：物理用蓝色，生物用绿色，化学用橙色。创建这一资源的行为会强化记忆，而个性化使它让复习更有吸引力。结合第9节的记忆策略使用，效果最佳。
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