📚 Year 9 SQA Business: Key Terms Guide | Year 9 SQA 商务：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering business vocabulary is crucial for your SQA course. This guide condenses the most important Year 9 terms into clear, easy-to-remember explanations. You’ll build a strong foundation for understanding how businesses operate and for tackling exam questions with confidence.
掌握商务词汇对SQA课程至关重要。本指南将Year 9最重要的术语浓缩为清晰易记的解释。你将打下坚实基础，理解企业运营方式，自信应对考试题目。
1. Sole Traders and Partnerships | 个体经营与合伙
A sole trader is a business owned and run by one person. The owner makes all decisions and keeps all profits, but faces unlimited liability, meaning personal assets can be used to pay off business debts.
个体经营者是由一个人拥有和经营的企业。业主做出所有决策并保留全部利润，但承担无限责任，即个人资产可被用来偿还企业债务。
A partnership involves two or more owners (usually up to 20) sharing decision-making and profits. A deed of partnership outlines how profits and responsibilities are divided. Like sole traders, partners often have unlimited liability.
合伙企业由两个或以上（一般最多20人）共同参与决策和分享利润。合伙协议规定利润和责任的划分。与个体经营者类似，合伙人通常也承担无限责任。
2. Private Limited Companies (Ltd) and Franchises | 私人有限公司与特许经营
A private limited company (Ltd) is a separate legal entity from its owners. Shareholders have limited liability, meaning they only risk losing the money they invested. Shares cannot be sold to the public, which keeps control within a small group.
私人有限公司（Ltd）是独立于所有者的法律实体。股东承担有限责任，意味着他们只会损失投入的资金。股份不能向公众出售，这样控制权保留在小群体中。
A franchise allows a person (franchisee) to use an established brand and business model in exchange for a fee and a share of revenue paid to the franchisor. Examples include fast-food chains and retail brands.
特许经营允许个人（加盟商）使用成熟品牌和商业模式，需向特许人支付费用和利润分成。例子包括快餐连锁和零售品牌。
3. Business Objectives and Stakeholders | 商业目标与利益相关者
Common business objectives include survival, profit maximisation, growth, and social responsibility. These aims shape every decision a business makes.
常见的商业目标包括生存、利润最大化、增长和社会责任。这些目标影响着企业的每个决策。
Stakeholders are individuals or groups that have an interest in a business. They include owners, employees, customers, suppliers, the local community, and the government. Each stakeholder group has different priorities and can influence business activity.
利益相关者是与企业有利害关系的个人或群体，包括所有者、员工、顾客、供应商、当地社区和政府。每个利益群体有不同的优先事项，并能影响企业行为。
4. The Marketing Mix: Product and Price | 市场营销组合：产品与价格
The product element involves what a business sells. Key concepts include unique selling point (USP), product differentiation, and the product life cycle (introduction, growth, maturity, decline).
产品要素涉及企业销售什么。关键概念包括独特卖点（USP）、产品差异化以及产品生命周期（引入期、成长期、成熟期、衰退期）。
Pricing strategies include cost-plus pricing (adding a mark-up to the cost of production), penetration pricing (setting a low price to enter a market), and skimming (setting a high price for a new innovative product). Competitive pricing simply matches what rivals charge.
定价策略包括成本加成定价（在生产成本上加价）、渗透定价（低价进入市场）和撇脂定价（为新型产品设定高价）。竞争性定价则是与竞争对手价格持平。
5. The Marketing Mix: Place and Promotion | 市场营销组合：渠道与促销
Place refers to how products reach customers. Distribution channels can be direct (selling online) or indirect through intermediaries like wholesalers and retailers. E-commerce has made multi-channel distribution more common.
渠道指产品如何到达顾客。分销渠道可以是直接的（线上销售），也可以通过批发商和零售商等中介。电子商务使多渠道分销更加普遍。
Promotion covers all ways a business communicates with customers. Methods include advertising (TV, social media), sales promotions (discounts, free samples), public relations (PR), and personal selling. An integrated promotional mix ensures all messages are consistent.
促销涵盖企业与顾客沟通的所有方式。方法包括广告、促销活动（折扣、样品）、公共关系以及人员推销。整合促销组合确保所有信息一致。
6. Market Research Methods | 市场调研方法
Primary research gathers new data directly from respondents using questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, or observation. It is tailored but time-consuming.
一手调研通过问卷、访谈、焦点小组或观察直接从受访者收集新数据。它针对性强但耗时。
Secondary research uses existing data such as government reports, industry statistics, or online sources. It is cheaper and faster, but may be outdated or less specific.
二手调研使用现有数据，如政府报告、行业统计或在线资源。成本低速度快，但可能过时或不具体。
Data collected can be quantitative (numbers and statistics) or qualitative (opinions and feelings). Most businesses combine both.
收集的数据可以是定量（数字和统计）或定性（意见和感受）。大多数企业结合使用两者。
7. Costs, Revenue and Profit | 成本、收入与利润
Fixed costs remain constant regardless of output (e.g. rent, salaries). Variable costs change with production levels (e.g. raw materials). Total costs = fixed costs + variable costs.
固定成本不随产量变化（如租金、工资）。可变成本随产量变化（如原材料）。总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本。
Total Costs =
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