📚 Year 9 SQA Engineering: A Quick-Memorisation Guide to Key Vocabulary and Terms | Year 9 SQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary early is the key to understanding concepts and tackling exam questions with confidence. This guide provides clear definitions, real-world contexts, and memory tricks for the most important terms you will meet in Year 9 SQA Engineering. Use the paired English-Chinese explanations to build a rock-solid bilingual foundation.
尽早掌握工程词汇是理解概念、自信应对考试的关键。本指南为你提供 Year 9 SQA 工程中最重要术语的清晰定义、实际应用场景和记忆窍门。通过中英对照的解释，打好扎实的双语基础。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与特性
Strength: A material’s ability to resist an applied force without breaking. Engineers test tensile strength by pulling a sample apart—think of a tug-of-war; the rope that snaps last has higher tensile strength.
强度：材料承受外力而不折断的能力。工程师通过拉伸试样测试抗拉强度——想象拔河比赛，最后断掉的绳子抗拉强度更高。
Hardness: The resistance of a material to being scratched or indented. Diamond is the hardest natural material. To remember, think ‘hard’ means ‘difficult to dent’. The Brinell test uses a steel ball to measure it.
硬度：材料抵抗划伤或压痕的能力。金刚石是最硬的天然材料。记忆时，联想“硬”就是难以压出凹痕。布氏硬度试验用钢球来测量。
Toughness: The ability to absorb energy and deform without fracturing. A rubber band is tough because it stretches a lot before snapping. The opposite is brittleness—like glass, which shatters suddenly.
韧性：吸收能量并发生形变而不断裂的能力。橡皮筋很有韧性，因为它能拉伸很长才断裂。其反面是脆性，如玻璃，会突然碎裂。
Ductility: How easily a material can be drawn into a wire. Copper is highly ductile. Visualise pulling a metal rod thinner and thinner—good ductility means it keeps stretching without necking and breaking too soon.
延展性：材料被拉成细丝的难易程度。铜具有很高的延展性。想象把一根金属棒越拉越细——良好的延展性意味着它能持续拉伸而不会过早缩颈断裂。
Malleability: The ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets without cracking. Aluminium foil demonstrates excellent malleability. Remember: ‘malleable’ sounds like ‘mallet’, a hammer used to flatten material.
可锻性：材料被锤打或轧制成薄片而不开裂的能力。铝箔展现了极佳的可锻性。记住：’malleable’ 的发音有点像 ‘mallet’（木槌），用来把材料打平。
2. Forces and Motion | 力与运动
Force (F): A push or pull measured in newtons (N). Gravity, friction and applied loads are all forces. Think of the formula F = m × a; if mass stays the same, doubling the acceleration doubles the force.
力 (F)：以牛顿 (N) 为单位测量的推或拉。重力、摩擦力和施加的载荷都是力。记住公式 F = m × a；如果质量不变，加速度加倍，力也加倍。
Load: The force that a structure or component must support. A bridge bears the load of traffic. In engineering, we design for dead load (permanent weight) and live load (variable weight like people or wind).
载荷：结构或部件必须承受的力。桥梁承受交通载荷。在工程中，我们要考虑恒载（永久重量）和活载（如人、风等可变重量）进行设计。
Stress: The internal distribution of force within a material, measured in pascals (Pa) or N/m². Stress = Force ÷ cross-sectional area. A thin wire carrying the same weight experiences greater stress than a thick rod.
应力：材料内部力的分布，单位为帕斯卡 (Pa) 或 N/m²。应力 = 力 ÷ 横截面积。相同的重量下，细丝比粗杆承受的应力更大。
Strain: The deformation a material experiences compared to its original length, often expressed as a percentage. If a 100 mm bar stretches to 102 mm under load, strain = (2/100) × 100% = 2%.
应变：材料相对于原始长度的变形量，常以百分比表示。如果一根 100 mm 的杆在载荷下拉长到 102 mm，应变 = (2/100) × 100% = 2%。
3. Simple Machines and Mechanisms | 简单机械与机构
Lever: A rigid bar that pivots on a fulcrum to multiply force. There are three classes of levers. Pliers are a first-class lever with the fulcrum in the middle. Remember ‘FLE’ – Fulcrum, Load, Effort – to identify the order.
杠杆：一根在支点上转动以放大力的刚性杆。杠杆分为三类。钳子是一级杠杆，支点位于中间。记住“FLE”——支点、载荷、作用力——来辨别顺序。
Pulley: A wheel with a groove for a rope or belt, used to change the direction of a force or gain mechanical advantage. A single fixed pulley only redirects force; multiple pulleys make lifting easier. Think of a crane hook block.
滑轮：带有绳槽或带槽的轮子，用于改变力的方向或获得机械效益。单个定滑轮只改变力的方向；滑轮组使提升更省力。想象一下起重机吊钩组。
Gear: A toothed wheel that transmits rotary motion and torque. A small gear driving a large gear increases torque but reduces speed. Count the teeth: gear ratio = input teeth ÷ output teeth.
齿轮：传递旋转运动和扭矩的带齿轮子。小齿轮带动大齿轮可增大扭矩但降低转速。数齿数：齿数比 = 输入齿数 ÷ 输出齿数。
Mechanical Advantage (MA): The ratio of output force to input force. MA = load ÷ effort. A machine with an MA of 5 means you only need to apply 1 N to lift a 5 N load. No unit—it’s a pure number.
机械效益 (MA)：输出力与输入力的比值。MA = 载荷 ÷ 作用力。机械效益为 5 的机器意味着只需施加 1 N 的力就能举起 5 N 的载荷。无单位，纯数字。
4. Electrical Components and Circuits | 电子元件与电路
Voltage (V): The electrical pressure that pushes charge around a circuit, measured in volts (V). It’s like the height of a waterfall—higher voltage means more potential energy per charge. Batteries provide a constant voltage difference.
电压 (V)：推动电荷在电路中流动的“电压力”，单位为伏特 (V)。它就好比瀑布的高度——电压越高，每单位电荷的势能越大。电池提供恒定的电压差。
Current (I): The rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A). In a series circuit, current is the same everywhere. Picture traffic on a one-lane road; the flow of cars is like electric current.
电流 (I)：电荷的流动速率，单位为安培 (A)。在串联电路中，各处电流相等。把单向车道上的车流想象成电流，就很容易理解。
Resistance (R): Opposition to current flow, measured in ohms (Ω). Longer wires have higher resistance; thicker wires have lower resistance. Ohm’s law: V = I × R. Think of a narrow pipe—harder for water to flow through.
电阻 (R)：对电流的阻碍作用，单位为欧姆 (Ω)。导线越长电阻越大，越粗电阻越小。欧姆定律：V = I × R。想象狭窄的管道——水流更难通过。
Resistor: A component that provides a specific amount of resistance. Colour-coded bands indicate its value. Fixed resistors control current; variable resistors (potentiometers) adjust signals, like a volume knob.
电阻器：提供特定阻值的元件，彩色色环标示其阻值。固定电阻器用来控制电流；可变电阻器（电位器）调节信号，比如音量旋钮。
5. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Casting: Pouring molten material into a mould to solidify into a shape. Sand casting is common for metals. Visualise making a sandcastle with a bucket; the bucket is the mould, and the sand takes its shape.
铸造：将熔融材料浇入模具中冷却凝固成型。砂型铸造常用于金属。想象用桶做沙堡，桶就是模具，沙子塑造成桶的形状。
Welding: Joining materials, usually metals, by melting the edges and adding a filler. Arc welding uses an electric arc. To remember, think ‘welding melts and fuses’; a strong, permanent bond is created.
焊接：通过熔化边缘并添加填料来连接材料（通常是金属）的工艺。电弧焊使用电弧。记忆技巧：焊接就是熔化并熔合，形成强力永久性连接。
Turning: A machining process where a cutting tool removes material from a rotating workpiece on a lathe. Produces cylindrical parts like shafts and bolts. ‘The workpiece turns, hence turning.’
车削：在车床上用刀具从旋转的工件上去除材料的加工方法，用于制造轴、螺栓等圆柱形零件。“工件在旋转（turn），所以叫车削（turning）”。
Milling: A process using a rotating cutter to remove material from a stationary (or moving) workpiece. Creates flat surfaces, slots and complex shapes. The cutter does the spinning, not the part.
铣削：使用旋转刀具从固定（或移动）的工件上切削材料的工艺，可加工平面、槽和复杂形状。旋转的是刀具，而非工件。
Forming: Shaping materials by deforming them without cutting, such as bending sheet metal or forging. Think of folding a paper plane—no material is removed, just reshaped.
成型：通过变形而非切削来塑造材料，例如弯折金属板或锻造。想象折纸飞机——没有移除材料，只是改变形状。
6. Tools and Equipment | 工具与设备
Vernier Caliper: A precision measuring tool for external, internal and depth dimensions, usually accurate to 0.02 mm. Read the main scale plus the vernier scale alignment. ‘Vernier = very accurate measuring.’
游标卡尺：用于测量外径、内径和深度的精密量具，精度通常可达 0.02 mm。读取主尺刻度加上对齐的游标刻度。“游标卡尺就是精密测量”。
Micrometer: An even more precise measuring instrument, often reading to 0.01 mm. It uses a calibrated screw. ‘Micro’ means tiny; it measures tiny differences. Commonly used to check wire or sheet thickness.
千分尺：更精密的测量工具，分度值常为 0.01 mm，使用校准螺杆。“微”意味着微小，用来测量微小的差异。常用于检测丝材或板材厚度。
Soldering Iron: A hand tool that heats to melt solder and form electrical connections. Safety tip: always place it in a stand and work in a ventilated area. ‘Solder’ sounds like ‘solid’ – it creates solid joints.
电烙铁：加热熔化焊料以形成电气连接的手持工具。安全提示：始终放在烙铁架上，并在通风处操作。’Solder’ 听起来像 ‘solid’（坚固），它形成坚固的接头。
Multimeter: An instrument that measures voltage, current and resistance. Can be digital or analogue. A vital troubleshooting tool. Think ‘multi’ = multiple functions; one tool does many jobs.
万用表：测量电压、电流和电阻的仪表，有数字式和模拟式。是重要的故障排查工具。“万用”即多功能，一表多用。
7. Health and Safety in Engineering | 工程中的健康与安全
PPE (Personal Protective Equipment): Equipment worn to minimise exposure to hazards. In a workshop, this includes safety goggles, steel-toe boots, ear defenders and gloves. ‘PPE keeps you safe from head to toe.’
PPE（个人防护装备）：为减少危险暴露而穿戴的装备。在车间里，包括护目镜、钢头鞋、护耳器和手套。“PPE 从头到脚保护你”。
Hazard: Anything that has the potential to cause harm. A slippery floor, exposed blade or hot surface is a hazard. Spotting hazards is step one in risk assessment. ‘Hazard = HARM potential.’
危险源：任何可能造成伤害的源头。湿滑的地面、裸露的刀刃、高温表面都是危险源。识别危险源是风险评估的第一步。危险源 = 潜在的伤害。
Risk: The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm combined with the severity of that harm. Tightening a guard reduces the risk of injury from a spinning cutter. Risk = probability × severity.
风险：危险源造成伤害的可能性与伤害严重程度的结合。紧固防护罩可以降低旋转刀具伤人的风险。风险 = 概率 × 严重度。
COSHH (Control of Substances Hazardous to Health): Regulations that require employers to control substances that can harm health, such as fumes, dust or chemicals. Always check the safety data sheet (SDS).
COSHH（有害健康物质控制）：要求雇主控制可能危害健康的物质（如烟雾、粉尘或化学品）的法规。务必查阅安全数据表 (SDS)。
8. Measurement and Tolerances | 测量与公差
Accuracy: How close a measurement is to the true value. A precisely made part that arrives at 10.00 mm when the design calls for 10.00 mm is highly accurate. Calipers need regular calibration to maintain accuracy.
准确度：测量值接近真实值的程度。设计要求 10.00 mm，成品恰为 10.00 mm 的零件准确度很高。卡尺需要定期校准以保持准确度。
Precision: The consistency or repeatability of measurements. A tool that always reads 9.98 mm for the same 10.00 mm part is precise but not accurate. ‘Precision is about grouping, accuracy is about hitting the target.’
精密度：测量结果的一致性或可重复性。对同一 10.00 mm 零件总是读出 9.98 mm 的工具精密度高但不准确。“精密度关乎聚集度，准确度关乎是否中靶”。
Tolerance: The permissible limit of variation in a dimension. For example, a shaft diameter of 30 mm ± 0.1 mm means it can measure between 29.9 mm and 30.1 mm. Tighter tolerances make parts fit more precisely but increase cost.
公差：尺寸允许的变动范围。例如，轴径 30 mm ± 0.1 mm 表示该尺寸可以在 29.9 mm 到 30.1 mm 之间。更严格的公差使零件配合更精密，但增加成本。
Limit: The maximum and minimum sizes allowed for a dimension. The upper limit is 30.1 mm and the lower limit is 29.9 mm in the example above. Any part outside these limits is rejected.
极限尺寸：尺寸所允许的最大值和最小值。上例中，上极限尺寸为 30.1 mm，下极限尺寸为 29.9 mm。超出极限尺寸的零件将被拒收。
9. Energy and Power | 能量与功率
Energy (E): The capacity to do work, measured in joules (J). It exists in many forms: kinetic (motion), potential (stored), thermal, electrical. Conservation of energy: energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted.
能量 (E)：做功的能力，单位为焦耳 (J)。能量有多种形式：动能（运动）、势能（储存）、热能、电能。能量守恒：能量既不能创造也不能消灭，只能转化。
Work (W): The energy transferred when a force moves an object. Work (J) = Force (N) × Distance (m). Lifting a 10 N weight by 2 m does 20 J of work. No movement means no work is done, even if you feel tired.
功 (W)：力使物体移动时所传递的能量。功 (J) = 力 (N) × 位移 (m)。将 10 N 的重物提升 2 m 做功 20 J。没有移动就没有做功，即使你感到累。
Power (P): The rate of doing work or transferring energy, measured in watts (W). Power = Work ÷ Time. A motor that does 100 J of work in 2 seconds has a power of 50 W. ‘Power is how fast you spend energy.’
功率 (P)：做功或传递能量的速率，单位为瓦特 (W)。功率 = 功 ÷ 时间。一台在 2 秒内做 100 J 功的电机功率为 50 W。“功率就是你消耗能量的速度”。
Efficiency: The ratio of useful energy output to total energy input, often expressed as a percentage. No machine is 100% efficient due to friction and heat loss. Efficiency = (useful output ÷ total input) × 100%.
效率：有用能量输出与总能量输入的比值，常以百分数表示。由于摩擦和热损耗，没有机器能 100% 高效。效率 = (有用输出 ÷ 总输入) × 100%。
10. Engineering Drawing and Symbols | 工程图纸与符号
Orthographic Projection: A method of representing a 3D object using several 2D views (usually front, top and side). Always draw to scale and line up views with projection lines. Think unfolding a box to see all sides flat.
正交投影：用多个二维视图（通常为主视图、俯视图和侧视图）表示三维物体的方法。始终按比例绘制，并用投影线对齐视图。想象把一个盒子展开，看到所有平面。
Isometric Drawing: A 3D pictorial drawing where axes are 120° apart. It shows three faces in one view, making it easier to visualise the object. All vertical lines stay vertical; horizontals slope at 30°.
等轴测图：一种三轴互成 120° 的三维立体图，一张图展现三个面，便于可视化物体。所有竖线保持竖直，水平线则以 30° 倾斜。
Scale: The ratio of a drawing’s dimensions to the actual object’s dimensions. A scale of 1:2 means the drawing is half real size. Always state the scale, e.g. SCALE 1:1. ‘Scale helps fit huge or tiny objects onto paper.’
比例：图纸尺寸与实物尺寸的比值。比例 1:2 表示图纸尺寸为实物的一半。务必注明比例，如 SCALE 1:1。“比例帮助将巨大或微小物体呈现在纸上”。
Surface Finish Symbols: Marks that indicate the required roughness or smoothness of a surface. A basic tick symbol with a number shows roughness average (Ra) in micrometres. The smoother the surface, the smaller the number.
表面粗糙度符号：表示所需表面粗糙度或光滑度的标记。一个基本勾形符号加数字表示以微米为单位的轮廓算术平均偏差 (Ra)。表面越光滑，数值越小。
11. Key Engineering Acronyms and Mnemonics | 工程常用缩写及记忆法
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): Software used to create precise 2D or 3D models. ‘CAD creates all designs.’ Engineers can simulate stresses and check fits before making a physical prototype.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：用于创建精确二维或三维模型的软件。“CAD 创造所有设计”。工程师可在制造物理样机前模拟应力和检查装配。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): Using software to control machine tools. CAD designs are fed directly into CAM software to drive CNC (Computer Numerical Control) machines. ‘CAD draws, CAM makes.’
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：用软件控制机床。CAD 设计直接导入 CAM 软件以驱动 CNC（计算机数控）机床。“CAD 画图，CAM 造出来”。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): Machines that follow coded instructions without manual operators. They produce high-precision parts repeatedly. Think of a robotic sculptor carving exactly to the design.
CNC（计算机数控）：能按编码指令自动运行而无需人工操作者的机器，可重复生产高精度零件。想象一个机器人雕刻家，精准地按设计雕刻。
DFM (Design for Manufacture): Designing products in a way that makes them easy and cost-effective to produce. Simplifying shapes, reducing part count and using standard components are DFM principles. ‘Design to make it efficiently.’
DFM（面向制造的设计）：以使产品易于制造且成本效益高为出发点进行设计。简化形状、减少零件数量、使用标准件是 DFM 的原则。“为高效制造而设计”。
Mnemonics for Material Properties: Use the first letters to form a sentence. For ductility, hardness, toughness, malleability: ‘Dashing Horses Trample Meadows.’ Imagining a lively picture locks the terms in memory.
材料特性的记忆法：用首字母组成句子。对于 ductility, hardness, toughness, malleability：’Dashing Horses Trample Meadows’（奔腾的马踏过草地）。生动的画面能锁定记忆。
12. Quick Recap Table and Memory Tricks | 速查表与记忆技巧
The table below groups essential terms for a last-minute revision assist. Review it aloud, linking each term to a mechanical object you have handled. This links abstract words to physical experience, strengthening recall.
下表将重要术语分组，便于考前冲刺复习。大声朗读，把每个术语与你动手操作过的机械物品联系起来。这能将抽象词汇与身体体验挂钩，强化记忆。
| Category | Key Terms |
|---|---|
| Materials | Strength, Hardness, Toughness, Ductility, Malleability, Ferrous, Non-ferrous, Alloy |
| Mechanics | Force, Load, Stress, Strain, Lever, Pulley, Gear, Mechanical Advantage |
| Electrics | Voltage, Current, Resistance, Resistor, Ohm’s law, Circuit, Series, Parallel |
| Processes | Casting, Welding, Turning, Milling, Forming, Soldering |
| Measurement | Accuracy, Precision, Tolerance, Limit, Vernier Caliper, Micrometer |
| Safety | PPE, Hazard, Risk, COSHH, Guard, Emergency stop |
When stuck, draw a quick sketch of a simple machine (e.g. a see-saw for levers) and label the parts. Associating vocabulary with your own drawings creates strong mental pathways. Never just read—speak, sketch, and apply each word in a sentence.
当卡住时，画一个简单机械的简图（比如跷跷板标出杠杆），并标注各部位。将词汇与自己的图画联系起来会建立强大的神经通路。永远不要只是阅读——要说出、画出、并在句子中应用每个词。
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