📚 Year 9 WJEC Business: Vocabulary and Terminology Quick Reference Guide | 九年级WJEC商务：词汇术语速记指南
Welcome to your essential guide to mastering the key business terms for Year 9 WJEC Business. Understanding the language of business is the first step to thinking like an entrepreneur and performing well in your assessments. This article breaks down the core vocabulary into logical sections, with clear explanations in both English and Chinese to help you learn faster and retain concepts longer.
欢迎阅读这份九年级WJEC商务必备术语速记指南。掌握商业语言是像企业家一样思考并在评估中取得好成绩的第一步。本文将核心词汇划分为符合逻辑的小节，并用中英双语提供清晰解释，帮助你更快学习、更牢固地记忆概念。
1. Basic Economic Concepts | 基本经济概念
The fundamental economic problem is scarcity: there are unlimited wants but limited resources. This forces individuals, businesses and governments to make choices about how to allocate resources.
基本经济问题是稀缺性：欲望无限而资源有限。这迫使个人、企业和政府就如何配置资源做出选择。
Opportunity cost is the value of the next best alternative that is given up when a choice is made. For example, if a student decides to revise instead of working a part-time job, the opportunity cost is the wages forgone.
机会成本是指做出选择时所放弃的次优选择的价值。例如，如果一名学生决定复习而不是做兼职工作，其机会成本便是放弃的工资。
Needs are essentials for survival, such as food, water and shelter. Wants are desires that are not necessary for living, like the latest smartphone or designer clothes. Businesses must decide whether to target needs or wants with their products.
需要是生存必需品，如食物、水和住所。欲望则是非生存必需的愿望，如最新款智能手机或名牌服装。企业必须决定其产品是针对需要还是欲望。
2. Factors of Production | 生产要素
To produce goods and services, businesses combine four factors of production. Land includes all natural resources used in production, such as oil, water, forests and the physical site where a factory is built.
为生产商品和服务，企业组合使用四种生产要素。土地指生产中使用的所有自然资源，如石油、水、森林以及工厂建造的实体场地。
Labour is the human effort involved in making products, both physical and mental. The quality of labour can be improved through training and education, which is why businesses invest in their workforce.
劳动力是产品制造中投入的人力，包括体力和脑力。劳动力素质可通过培训和教育提升，正因如此企业会投资于员工。
Capital refers to man-made goods used to produce other goods, such as machinery, tools, vehicles and IT systems. Capital is different from money – it is productive equipment.
资本指用于生产其他商品的人造物品，如机器、工具、车辆和信息技术系统。资本与金钱不同——它是生产性设备。
Enterprise is the ability to combine the other three factors, take risks and innovate. Entrepreneurs are the driving force who spot opportunities and organise production.
企业精神是组合其他三种要素、承担风险并进行创新的能力。企业家是发现机遇并组织生产的驱动力。
3. Business Sectors | 行业部门
The primary sector involves extracting and harvesting natural resources. Examples include farming, fishing, mining and forestry. This sector supplies raw materials to other industries.
第一产业涉及开采和收获自然资源，例如农业、渔业、采矿和林业。该部门为其他行业提供原材料。
The secondary sector covers manufacturing and construction. Businesses in this sector take raw materials and turn them into finished products, such as a car factory or a house builder.
第二产业涵盖制造业和建筑业。该部门的企业将原材料转化为成品，例如汽车制造厂或房屋建筑商。
The tertiary sector provides services to consumers and other businesses. This includes retailing, banking, healthcare, education and tourism. In the UK, the tertiary sector is the largest employer.
第三产业为消费者和其他企业提供服务，包括零售、银行、医疗、教育和旅游业。在英国，第三产业是最大的就业部门。
Some economists also refer to the quaternary sector, which involves knowledge-based activities like research, IT and consultancy, often working with data and innovation.
一些经济学家还会提到第四产业，涉及知识型活动，如研发、信息技术和咨询，通常处理数据和创新。
4. Types of Business Ownership | 企业所有权类型
A sole trader is a business owned and controlled by one person. The owner keeps all profits but has unlimited liability, meaning personal assets are at risk if the business fails.
个体经营者是由一个人拥有和控制的企业。所有者获得全部利润，但承担无限责任，这意味着如果企业倒闭，个人资产将面临风险。
A partnership involves 2 to 20 people sharing ownership. Partners contribute capital, share profits and usually have unlimited liability, unless they are limited partners in a Limited Liability Partnership (LLP).
合伙企业由2至20人共同拥有。合伙人投入资金、分享利润，并且通常承担无限责任，除非是有限责任合伙中的有限合伙人。
A private limited company (Ltd) is a separate legal entity from its owners. Shares are sold privately, and shareholders enjoy limited liability – they only lose what they invested if the company fails.
私人有限公司是与其所有者分离的独立法人实体。股份私下出售，股东享有有限责任——若公司倒闭，他们仅损失其投资金额。
A public limited company (PLC) can sell shares to the general public on a stock exchange. PLCs face stricter regulations but can raise large amounts of capital from investors.
公众有限公司可以向公众在证券交易所发行股票。公众有限公司面临更严格的监管，但能从投资者那里筹集大量资金。
5. Business Objectives | 经营目标
Most businesses begin with the objective of survival, especially in the first few years when competition is tough and cash flow is unpredictable.
大多数企业初期以生存为目标，尤其是在竞争激烈且现金流不稳定的头几年。
Profit maximisation is a common long-term goal. Profit is calculated as total revenue minus total costs. Profits allow a business to reinvest, reward owners and grow.
利润最大化是常见的长期目标。利润等于总收入减去总成本。利润使企业能够再投资、回报所有者并实现增长。
Sales growth means increasing the volume or value of products sold. A business might lower prices to attract more customers or expand into new markets to boost sales figures.
销售增长指增加销售产品的数量或价值。企业可能降低价格以吸引更多顾客，或拓展新市场来提升销售数字。
Social objectives are increasingly important. Many enterprises aim to reduce their environmental impact, support local communities or operate as social enterprises where profit is reinvested for a social cause.
社会目标日益重要。许多企业致力于减少环境影响、支持当地社区，或作为社会企业经营，将利润重新投入到社会事业中。
6. Market and Demand | 市场与需求
A market is any place where buyers and sellers meet to exchange goods or services. This can be a physical marketplace or an online platform like Amazon.
市场是买卖双方会面交换商品或服务的任何场所，可以是实体市场，也可以是像亚马逊这样的在线平台。
Demand is the quantity of a product that consumers are willing and able to buy at various prices. Normally, as price falls, demand rises – this is the law of demand.
需求是消费者在不同价格下愿意且能够购买的产品数量。通常价格下降，需求上升——这就是需求定律。
Supply is the quantity that producers are prepared to sell at different prices. The law of supply says that as price increases, producers are willing to supply more because it becomes more profitable.
供给是生产者在不同价格下准备出售的数量。供给定律指出，价格上升，生产者愿意供给更多，因为利润更高。
The equilibrium price is where the amount consumers want to buy equals the amount firms want to sell. At this point, the market clears and there is neither a surplus nor a shortage.
均衡价格是消费者想要购买的数量等于企业想要出售的数量的价格点。此时市场出清，既没有剩余也没有短缺。
7. Marketing Mix: The 4Ps | 营销组合：4P
Product refers to the good or service a business offers. This includes design, features, quality, packaging and even after-sales service. A successful product must meet customer needs better than rivals.
产品指企业提供的商品或服务，包括设计、功能、质量、包装乃至售后服务。成功的产品必须比竞争对手更好地满足客户需求。
Price is the amount customers pay. Pricing strategies include cost-plus pricing, competitive pricing, penetration pricing for new products, and premium pricing for luxury brands.
价格是顾客支付的金额。定价策略包括成本加成定价、竞争定价、针对新产品的渗透定价，以及奢侈品牌的高价策略。
Place describes how products reach customers. This can be through physical stores, e-commerce websites, wholesalers or direct delivery. Efficient distribution channels ensure products are available where and when needed.
渠道描述产品如何到达顾客手中，可以通过实体店、电商网站、批发商或直接配送。高效的分销渠道确保产品在需要的地点与时间可得。
Promotion covers all methods used to communicate with customers and boost sales. This includes advertising, social media marketing, sales promotions like ‘buy one get one free’, public relations and personal selling.
促销涵盖用于与顾客沟通并提升销量的所有方法，包括广告、社交媒体营销、如“买一赠一”的销售促进、公共关系和人员推销。
8. Finance Terms | 财务术语
Revenue (or turnover) is the income generated from selling products. It is calculated by multiplying the quantity sold by the selling price per unit. Revenue is often called the ‘top line’.
收入（或营业额）是销售产品产生的所得，计算方式为销售数量乘以单位售价。收入常被称为“顶线”。
Costs are the expenses a business incurs. Fixed costs stay the same regardless of output, like rent; variable costs change with output, like raw materials. Total costs = fixed costs + variable costs.
成本是企业产生的费用。固定成本不随产量变化，如租金；可变成本随产量变化，如原材料。总成本 = 固定成本 + 可变成本。
Profit is the surplus after total costs are subtracted from total revenue. Profit can be reinvested (retained profit) or distributed to owners. A loss occurs when costs exceed revenue.
利润是总收入减去总成本后的盈余。利润可以再投资（留存利润）或分配给所有者。当成本超过收入时出现亏损。
Cash flow is the movement of money into and out of a business. Even profitable businesses can fail if they run out of cash to pay bills – this is called insolvency. A cash flow forecast helps predict shortages.
现金流是资金进出企业的流动。即使是盈利企业，如果现金耗尽无法支付账单也可能倒闭——这称为资不抵债。现金流量预测有助于预见资金短缺。
9. Business Stakeholders | 商业利益相关者
Owners and shareholders are interested in profits, dividends and the long-term value of the business. Their decisions often shape the overall direction of the firm.
所有者与股东关注利润、股息和企业的长期价值。他们的决定往往塑造公司的总体方向。
Employees want job security, fair wages, safe working conditions and opportunities for progression. A motivated workforce can increase productivity and reduce staff turnover.
员工希望获得工作保障、公平的工资、安全的工作条件和晋升机会。有积极性的员工队伍可以提高生产率并减少人员流失。
Customers seek high-quality products at reasonable prices, reliable service and good customer support. Meeting customer expectations is vital for building loyalty and repeat business.
顾客追求价格合理的高质量产品、可靠的服务和良好的客户支持。满足顾客期望对于建立忠诚度和回头客至关重要。
Suppliers benefit from receiving prompt payments and regular orders. Strong relationships with suppliers can lead to better credit terms and priority treatment.
供应商从及时收款和定期订单中受益。与供应商建立牢固关系可获得更好的信用条款和优先待遇。
The government is a stakeholder as it collects taxes from businesses and expects them to comply with laws on employment, health and safety, and the environment.
政府作为利益相关者，从企业收取税款，并期望企业遵守就业、健康安全以及环境方面的法律。
10. Ethics and Sustainability | 商业道德与可持续性
Ethical business means going beyond legal requirements to do what is right. This includes treating workers fairly, paying a living wage and avoiding misleading advertising.
道德经营意味着超越法律要求，做正确的事，包括公平对待工人、支付生活工资和避免误导性广告。
Sustainability focuses on meeting today’s needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet theirs. A sustainable business minimises its carbon footprint, uses renewable energy and reduces waste.
可持续性着眼于满足当代需求而不损害后代满足其自身需求的能力。可持续企业尽量减少碳足迹，使用可再生能源并减少浪费。
Fair trade is a system ensuring producers in developing countries receive a fair price and good working conditions. Products like coffee, chocolate and bananas often carry the Fairtrade mark, appealing to ethical consumers.
公平贸易是一种确保发展中国家的生产者获得公平价格和良好工作条件的体系。咖啡、巧克力和香蕉等产品常带有公平贸易标志，吸引有道德意识的消费者。
A business that embraces ethics and sustainability can enhance its brand image, attract more customers and build a more loyal workforce – turning responsible behaviour into a competitive advantage.
秉持道德与可持续性的企业能够提升品牌形象、吸引更多顾客并建立更忠诚的员工队伍——将负责任的行为转化为竞争优势。
11. Business Environment & External Influences | 商业环境与外部影响
All businesses operate within an external environment that they cannot control but must respond to. PESTLE analysis breaks this down into Political, Economic, Social, Technological, Legal and Environmental factors.
所有企业都在无法控制但必须应对的外部环境中运营。PESTLE分析将其分解为政治、经济、社会、技术、法律和环境因素。
Economic factors include interest rates, inflation and unemployment. For example, high interest rates make borrowing more expensive and can reduce consumer spending, hitting businesses hard.
经济因素包括利率、通货膨胀和失业率。例如，高利率使借贷成本上升，可能减少消费者支出，对企业造成沉重打击。
Technological change creates opportunities and threats. Businesses that adopt e-commerce, automation and data analytics can operate more efficiently, but those that lag behind risk becoming obsolete.
技术变革创造机遇和威胁。采用电子商务、自动化和数据分析的企业能更高效地运营，而落后的企业则有被淘汰的风险。
Legislation affects every aspect of business, from consumer protection and employment rights to competition laws. Understanding the laws that apply is essential to avoid fines and reputational damage.
法律影响力遍及企业各方面，从消费者保护和员工权利到竞争法。理解适用法律对于避免罚款和声誉损害至关重要。
12. Revision & Memory Techniques | 复习与记忆技巧
To master these terms effectively, try creating flashcards with the English term on one side and the Chinese definition on the other. Test yourself regularly until you can recall definitions without prompting.
为高效掌握这些术语，尝试制作闪卡，一面写英文术语，另一面写中文定义。定期自测，直到能无需提示便回忆起定义。
Use mnemonics to remember grouped concepts. For example, the four factors of production can be remembered as CELL: Capital, Enterprise, Land, Labour. Create your own memory aids linked to the terms.
用助记法记忆成组的概念。例如，四生产要素可用CELL记忆：资本(Capital)、企业精神(Enterprise)、土地(Land)、劳动力(Labour)。编写你自己的、与术语关联的记忆辅助。
Apply each term to a real-world example. When you learn about a private limited company, think of a local family business you know. Connecting theory to reality makes the vocabulary stick and improves exam answers.
将每个术语应用到真实案例中。当你学习私人有限公司时，联想你知道的一家当地家族企业。将理论与现实联系起来能让词汇更牢固，并提升考试答案质量。
Published by TutorHao | Business Revision Series | aleveler.com
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