📚 Year 9 WJEC French: Formula & Rules Quick Reference Handbook | WJEC 九年级法语:公式定理速查手册
Welcome to your essential quick reference handbook for Year 9 WJEC French. Think of the grammar rules and verb patterns on these pages as ‘formulas’ — just like in maths or science, once you know the formula, you can build countless correct sentences. This handbook covers the core structures you need to master at Key Stage 3, from present tense conjugation to negation and question forms. Keep it close by for homework, revision and in-class reference, and watch your French fluency grow steadily and confidently.
欢迎来到 WJEC 九年级法语核心速查手册。请把本手册中的语法规则和动词模式视作“公式”——就像数学或科学中的公式一样,一旦你掌握了公式,就能构建出无数正确的句子。本手册涵盖了关键阶段三需要掌握的核心结构,从现在时变位到否定形式和疑问形式。将其放在手边用于家庭作业、复习和课堂参考,你的法语流利度将稳步提升、充满自信。
1. Present Tense: Regular -ER Verbs | 现在时:规则 -ER 动词
The largest family of French verbs follows the -ER pattern. To conjugate, remove the -er ending from the infinitive and add the correct present tense endings. This is your fundamental ‘formula’ for describing what happens, what is happening, and what people do in the present.
法语中最大的动词家族遵循 -ER 模式。变位时,去掉不定式中的 -er 词尾,加上相应的现在时词尾。这是描述当前发生之事和人们所做之事的基本“公式”。
Stem (infinitive minus -er) + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
词干(不定式去掉 -er) + -e, -es, -e, -ons, -ez, -ent
Example using parler (to speak): je parle, tu parles, il/elle/on parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent. Note that the -ent ending on ils/elles is silent — you never pronounce it. This pattern applies to hundreds of common verbs such as aimer (to like/love), habiter (to live), écouter (to listen), and jouer (to play).
以 parler(说话)为例:je parle, tu parles, il/elle/on parle, nous parlons, vous parlez, ils/elles parlent。请注意 ils/elles 的 -ent 词尾不发音——你永远不需要读出它。这一模式适用于数百个常用动词,如 aimer(喜欢/爱)、habiter(居住)、écouter(听)和 jouer(玩)。
2. Present Tense: Regular -IR and -RE Verbs | 现在时:规则 -IR 和 -RE 动词
Beyond -ER verbs, you need the two smaller but equally important regular families. -IR verbs like finir (to finish) and -RE verbs like vendre (to sell) follow their own predictable patterns. Learn these as distinct formulas, and you will recognise them instantly in reading and listening tasks.
除了 -ER 动词,你还需要掌握两个规模较小但同样重要的规则动词家族。-IR 动词如 finir(完成)和 -RE 动词如 vendre(卖)遵循各自可预测的模式。将这些作为独立公式来学习,你就能在阅读和听力任务中瞬间识别它们。
-IR formula: Stem + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
-IR 公式:词干 + -is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent
-RE formula: Stem + -s, -s, – (nothing), -ons, -ez, -ent
-RE 公式:词干 + -s, -s, -(无词尾), -ons, -ez, -ent
For finir: je finis, tu finis, il/elle/on finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent. Notice the -iss- infix that appears in the plural forms — a distinctive feature of many -IR verbs. For vendre: je vends, tu vends, il/elle/on vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent. The third person singular (il/elle/on) takes no ending at all, just the bare stem.
以 finir 为例:je finis, tu finis, il/elle/on finit, nous finissons, vous finissez, ils/elles finissent。注意复数形式中出现的 -iss- 中缀——这是许多 -IR 动词的显著特征。以 vendre 为例:je vends, tu vends, il/elle/on vend, nous vendons, vous vendez, ils/elles vendent。第三人称单数(il/elle/on)完全没有词尾,只保留词干。
3. Four Essential Irregular Verbs: être, avoir, aller, faire | 四个核心不规则动词:être、avoir、aller、faire
These four verbs are the backbone of French. They are irregular, so you cannot apply the regular formulas to them — you must memorise each form individually. The good news is that they appear so frequently that you will quickly internalise them with regular practice.
这四个动词是法语的主干。它们是不规则的,因此无法套用规则公式——你必须逐一背诵它们的形式。好消息是它们出现得如此频繁,通过定期练习你会很快内化它们。
| Subject | être (to be) | avoir (to have) | aller (to go) | faire (to do/make) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | vais | fais |
| tu | es | as | vas | fais |
| il/elle/on | est | a | va | fait |
| nous | sommes | avons | allons | faisons |
| vous | êtes | avez | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | vont | font |
être and avoir also serve as auxiliary verbs for the perfect tense (le passé composé), which you will encounter in Year 9. aller is used to form the near future (je vais manger = I am going to eat). faire appears in countless expressions for weather, activities and household chores (il fait froid, je fais du sport, je fais la vaisselle). Master these four verbs completely — they unlock a huge amount of conversational French.
être 和 avoir 还用作完成时(passé composé)的助动词,你将在九年级接触到。aller 用于构成最近将来时(je vais manger = 我要去吃饭)。faire 出现在大量表达天气、活动和家务的短语中(il fait froid 天气冷、je fais du sport 我做运动、je fais la vaisselle 我洗碗)。彻底掌握这四个动词——它们能解锁海量的法语日常会话。
4. Adjective Agreement and Position | 形容词的性数一致和位置
In French, adjectives must agree in gender (masculine/feminine) and number (singular/plural) with the noun they describe. This is a fundamental difference from English and a key marking point in WJEC assessments. Most adjectives add -e for feminine, -s for masculine plural, and -es for feminine plural, but there are many common irregular patterns to learn.
在法语中,形容词必须与其修饰的名词在性(阳性/阴性)和数(单数/复数)上保持一致。这是与英语的根本区别,也是 WJEC 评估中的关键得分点。大多数形容词在阴性时加 -e,阳性复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es,但有许多常见的不规则模式需要学习。
Regular pattern using grand (big/tall): grand (m. sg.), grande (f. sg.), grands (m. pl.), grandes (f. pl.). Most adjectives follow this basic template, but adjectives ending in -e in the masculine do not change for the feminine (e.g., jeune → jeune, drôle → drôle). Adjectives ending in -eux change to -euse (heureux → heureuse). Adjectives ending in -if change to -ive (sportif → sportive, actif → active).
以 grand(大的/高的)为例的规则模式:grand(阳性单数)、grande(阴性单数)、grands(阳性复数)、grandes(阴性复数)。大多数形容词遵循这一基本模板,但以 -e 结尾的阳性形容词在阴性时不变化(如 jeune → jeune、drôle → drôle)。以 -eux 结尾的变为 -euse(heureux → heureuse)。以 -if 结尾的变为 -ive(sportif → sportive、actif → active)。
Position rule: Most French adjectives come after the noun (une voiture rouge), but a small group of common adjectives precede the noun. Memorise the BAGS acronym: Beauty (beau, joli), Age (jeune, vieux, nouveau), Goodness (bon, mauvais), Size (grand, petit, gros). Example: un beau garçon, une vieille maison, un bon repas, une petite fille.
位置规则:大多数法语形容词放在名词之后(une voiture rouge 一辆红色的汽车),但有一小部分常见形容词放在名词之前。请记住 BAGS 首字母缩略词:Beauty 美(beau, joli)、Age 年龄(jeune, vieux, nouveau)、Goodness 好(bon, mauvais)、Size 大小(grand, petit, gros)。例如:un beau garçon 一个帅气的男孩、une vieille maison 一栋老房子、un bon repas 一顿美餐、une petite fille 一个小女孩。
5. Definite and Indefinite Articles | 定冠词和不定冠词
Every French noun requires an article, and the article must match the gender and number of the noun. The definite articles (le, la, l’, les) refer to specific items, equivalent to ‘the’ in English. The indefinite articles (un, une, des) refer to non-specific items, equivalent to ‘a/an/some’. These tiny words carry essential grammatical information and are frequently tested at Year 9 level.
每个法语名词都需要冠词,冠词必须与名词的性和数匹配。定冠词(le, la, l’, les)指特定事物,相当于英语的 ‘the’。不定冠词(un, une, des)指非特定事物,相当于英语的 ‘a/an/some’。这些微小词汇承载着关键的语法信息,是九年级经常考查的内容。
| Type | Masculine | Feminine | Before vowel/h | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Definite | le | la | l’ | les |
| Indefinite | un | une | un/une | des |
Key rule: le and la both become l’ before a vowel or silent h (l’ami, l’école, l’hôtel, l’histoire). In negative sentences using ne…pas, un/une/des become de/d’ when the object is negated: J’ai un chien → Je n’ai pas de chien (I have a dog → I do not have a dog). This is one of the most commonly tested grammar points, so practise it carefully.
关键规则:le 和 la 在元音或不发音的 h 前都变为 l’(l’ami 朋友、l’école 学校、l’hôtel 酒店、l’histoire 历史)。在使用 ne…pas 的否定句中,当宾语被否定时,un/une/des 变为 de/d’:J’ai un chien → Je n’ai pas de chien(我有一条狗 → 我没有狗)。这是最常考到的语法点之一,请认真练习。
6. Partitive Articles: du, de la, de l’, des | 部分冠词:du, de la, de l’, des
The partitive article is used for an unspecified quantity of something — mass nouns like food, drink, and abstract concepts for which English often uses ‘some’ or no article at all. The formula is straightforward: de + definite article, which contracts to du, de la, de l’, and des. This is essential for talking about eating, drinking and shopping.
部分冠词用于表示不定量的某物——如食物、饮品和抽象概念等不可数名词,英语中常使用 ‘some’ 或完全省略冠词。公式很简单:de + 定冠词,缩合为 du, de la, de l’ 和 des。在谈论饮食和购物时,这个知识点必不可少。
- du — masculine singular (du pain = some bread, du fromage = some cheese)
- de la — feminine singular (de la confiture = some jam, de la viande = some meat)
- de l’ — before a vowel or silent h (de l’eau = some water, de l’huile = some oil)
- des — plural (des fruits = some fruits, des légumes = some vegetables)
- du — 阳性单数(du pain 一些面包、du fromage 一些奶酪)
- de la — 阴性单数(de la confiture 一些果酱、de la viande 一些肉)
- de l’ — 元音或不发音的 h 前(de l’eau 一些水、de l’huile 一些油)
- des — 复数(des fruits 一些水果、des légumes 一些蔬菜)
Important exception: after expressions of quantity (beaucoup de, un peu de, assez de, trop de), the partitive article reverts to just de/d’ (beaucoup de pain, un peu d’eau, trop de sucre). This is a highly testable detail that students often miss.
重要例外:在数量表达词(beaucoup de 许多、un peu de 一点、assez de 足够、trop de 太多)之后,部分冠词变回单纯的 de/d’(beaucoup de pain 许多面包、un peu d’eau 一点水、trop de sucre 太多糖)。这是一个极易考查的细节,学生经常遗漏。
7. Near Future Tense: aller + Infinitive | 最近将来时:aller + 不定式
The near future (le futur proche) is one of the most useful and learner-friendly tenses in French. You do not need to learn any new verb endings — simply conjugate aller in the present tense and follow it with the infinitive of the action verb. This ‘formula’ lets you talk about what you are going to do, plans and immediate intentions.
最近将来时(le futur proche)是法语中最有用、对学习者最友好的时态之一。你无需学习任何新的动词词尾——只需将 aller 进行现在时变位,后面跟上动作动词的不定式。这一“公式”让你能够谈论即将要做的事、计划和近期意图。
Subject + conjugated aller + infinitive
主语 + aller 的变位形式 + 不定式
Examples: Je vais regarder la télé ce soir (I am going to watch TV this evening). Nous allons visiter Paris pendant les vacances (We are going to visit Paris during the holidays). Elle va acheter une nouvelle robe (She is going to buy a new dress). The near future is extremely common in spoken French and is far more frequent than the simple future (je regarderai) in everyday conversation. For Year 9 WJEC, this is one of the highest-value structures to use in speaking and writing tasks to demonstrate tense control.
示例:Je vais regarder la télé ce soir(我今晚要去看电视)。Nous allons visiter Paris pendant les vacances(我们假期要去巴黎旅游)。Elle va acheter une nouvelle robe(她要去买一条新裙子)。最近将来时在法语口语中极为常见,在日常对话中的使用频率远高于简单将来时(je regarderai)。对于 WJEC 九年级而言,这是在口语和写作任务中展示时态掌控能力的高价值结构之一。
8. Recent Past: venir de + Infinitive | 最近过去时:venir de + 不定式
Just as aller + infinitive expresses the near future, venir de + infinitive expresses the recent past — something that has just happened. Conjugate venir in the present tense, add de, and then add the infinitive of the action. This construction is elegant, extremely common in spoken French, and impresses examiners when used accurately.
正如 aller + 不定式表示最近将来时,venir de + 不定式表示最近过去——刚刚发生的事情。将 venir 进行现在时变位,加上 de,再加上动作动词的不定式。这个结构优雅自然,在法语口语中极为常见,准确使用能给考官留下深刻印象。
Subject + conjugated venir + de + infinitive
主语 + venir 的变位形式 + de + 不定式
Venir present tense: je viens, tu viens, il/elle/on vient, nous venons, vous venez, ils/elles viennent. Examples: Je viens de finir mes devoirs (I have just finished my homework). Nous venons de manger (We have just eaten). Ils viennent d’arriver (They have just arrived). Note that de becomes d’ before a vowel or silent h (venir d’acheter, venir d’écouter).
Venir 现在时变位:je viens, tu viens, il/elle/on vient, nous venons, vous venez, ils/elles viennent。示例:Je viens de finir mes devoirs(我刚刚完成作业)。Nous venons de manger(我们刚刚吃过饭)。Ils viennent d’arriver(他们刚刚到达)。注意 de 在元音或不发音的 h 前变为 d’(venir d’acheter 刚刚买、venir d’écouter 刚刚听)。
9. Negation: ne…pas and Other Negative Structures | 否定形式:ne…pas 及其他否定结构
French negation uses a two-part structure that wraps around the conjugated verb. The basic formula is ne + verb + pas, but there are several variations that express different kinds of negation — never, nothing, nobody, no longer, and more. Understanding the ‘sandwich’ logic of French negation is crucial for accurate written and spoken French.
法语否定使用包裹在变位动词周围的两部分结构。基本公式是 ne + 动词 + pas,但还有几种变体表达不同类型的否定——永不、什么也没有、没有人、不再等等。理解法语否定的“三明治”逻辑对准确的书面和口语表达至关重要。
| Negative expression | Meaning | Example |
|---|---|---|
| ne…pas | not | Je ne mange pas de viande. |
| ne…jamais | never | Je ne fume jamais. |
| ne…rien | nothing | Je ne vois rien. |
| ne…personne | nobody | Je ne connais personne. |
| ne…plus | no longer / not anymore | Je ne joue plus au foot. |
Key phonetic rule: ne becomes n’ before a vowel or silent h (Je n’aime pas, Il n’habite pas). In spoken informal French, the ne is often dropped, but in written work and WJEC assessments, you must always include both parts of the negation. Remember the article change: after a negation, un/une/des and du/de la/des all become de/d’ (J’ai un stylo → Je n’ai pas de stylo).
关键语音规则:ne 在元音或不发音的 h 前变为 n’(Je n’aime pas 我不喜欢、Il n’habite pas 他不住这)。在非正式的口语法语中,ne 常常被省略,但在书面作业和 WJEC 评估中,你必须始终保留否定结构的两部分。记住冠词变化:在否定之后,un/une/des 和 du/de la/des 全部变为 de/d’(J’ai un stylo 我有一支笔 → Je n’ai pas de stylo 我没有笔)。
10. Forming Questions in French | 法语中疑问句的构成
French offers three main ways to ask a question, each with a different register — from formal to informal. For Year 9 WJEC, you should be confident using all three, as they demonstrate grammatical range in speaking and writing assessments. Choose the right formula for the context.
法语有三种主要的提问方式,每种方式适用于不同的语域——从正式到非正式。对于 WJEC 九年级,你应该有信心使用全部三种方式,因为它们在口语和写作评估中能够展示语法广度。根据语境选择合适的公式。
1. Formal inversion: Invert the subject pronoun and verb, joined by a hyphen. Il va → Va-t-il? Vous parlez → Parlez-vous? This is the most elegant form, required in formal writing. Add -t- between two vowels for pronunciation (A-t-il un chien? Parle-t-elle anglais?).
1. 正式倒装:将主语代词和动词倒置,用连字符连接。Il va → Va-t-il? Vous parlez → Parlez-vous? 这是最优雅的形式,在正式书面语中是必需的。在两个元音之间插入 -t- 以便发音(A-t-il un chien? 他有一条狗吗?Parle-t-elle anglais? 她说英语吗?)。
2. Est-ce que: Place est-ce que at the start of a statement, and it becomes a question. Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat? Est-ce qu’il habite ici? This is the most versatile form — neither too formal nor too casual — and it works with any subject without needing inversion. Use it confidently in both speech and writing.
2. Est-ce que:将 est-ce que 放在陈述句开头,它就变成了问句。Est-ce que tu aimes le chocolat?(你喜欢巧克力吗?)Est-ce qu’il habite ici?(他住在这里吗?)这是最通用的形式——既不太正式也不太随意——适用于任何主语,无需倒装。在口语和书面中都可以自信地使用。
3. Intonation: Simply raise your voice at the end of a statement. Tu viens? On y va? This is the most informal and is extremely common in everyday speech, but it is not appropriate for formal writing tasks. Know when to use each type.
3. 语调:只需在陈述句末尾提高声调。Tu viens?(你来吗?)On y va?(我们走吧?)这是最不正式的形式,在日常对话中极为常见,但不适用于正式的写作任务。要知道何时使用每种类型。
11. Possessive Adjectives: My, Your, His/Her | 所有格形容词:我的、你的、他的/她的
Possessive adjectives in French agree with the noun they modify — not with the owner, as in English. This means ‘his book’ and ‘her book’ are both son livre because livre is masculine. This is a conceptual shift for English speakers and a common source of errors that Year 9 students must overcome.
法语中的所有格形容词与它们所修饰的名词保持一致——而不是像英语那样与所有者保持一致。这意味着“他的书”和“她的书”都是 son livre,因为 livre 是阳性名词。这对英语使用者来说是一个概念上的转变,也是九年级学生必须克服的常见错误来源。
| English | Masc. sing. | Fem. sing. | Before vowel/h | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| my | mon | ma | mon | mes |
| your (tu) | ton | ta | ton | tes |
| his/her/its | son | sa | son | ses |
| our | notre | notre | notre | nos |
| your (vous) | votre | votre | votre | vos |
| their | leur | leur | leur | leurs |
Critical rule: mon, ton, son replace ma, ta, sa before a feminine noun beginning with a vowel or silent h. So ‘my friend’ (female) is mon amie, not ma amie — this avoids the clash of two vowels. Similarly: son école (his/her school), ton histoire (your story).
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