📚 Year 9 WJEC Science: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memory Guide | WJEC 9年级科学：词汇术语速记指南
In Year 9 WJEC Science, building a strong vocabulary is the key to unlocking deeper understanding across biology, chemistry and physics. Scientific terms can feel like a foreign language, but with clever memory strategies you can turn tricky words into lasting knowledge. This guide breaks down essential terminology and gives you fast, memorable ways to learn them.
在9年级WJEC科学中，建立起扎实的词汇是深入理解生物、化学和物理的关键。科学术语有时就像一门外语，但通过巧妙的记忆策略，你可以把这些难词变成牢固的知识。本指南分解了核心术语，并为你提供快速、好记的学习方法。
1. Cell Biology Essentials | 细胞生物学核心词汇
The nucleus is the control centre of the cell, containing the genetic material DNA. It directs all activities such as growth and reproduction.
细胞核是细胞的控制中心，含有遗传物质DNA。它指导一切生命活动，比如生长和繁殖。
Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance filling the cell, where most chemical reactions take place. Remember it like ‘cyto’ (cell) + ‘plasm’ (fluid).
细胞质是充满细胞的果冻状物质，大部分化学反应在此发生。可以联想为 cyto（细胞）+ plasm（流体）。
The cell membrane is a thin layer that controls what enters and leaves the cell; it’s selectively permeable, much like a bouncer at a club.
细胞膜是一层薄膜，控制物质进出细胞；它具有选择透过性，就像一个俱乐部门卫。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) are the powerhouse organelles where respiration happens, releasing energy. Think ‘mighty mitochondria’ to recall their role.
线粒体是细胞的能量工厂，呼吸作用在此发生并释放能量。可以用 ‘mighty mitochondria’ 来记住它们的强大功能。
Ribosomes are tiny structures that make proteins. They are so small that they appear as dots in diagrams.
核糖体是制造蛋白质的微小结构。它们非常小，在图中显示为小点。
In plant cells, you also find a rigid cell wall made of cellulose for support, permanent vacuoles filled with cell sap, and chloroplasts containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis.
在植物细胞中，你还会看到由纤维素构成的坚硬细胞壁提供支撑，充满细胞液的永久液泡，以及含有叶绿体进行光合作用的叶绿体。
2. Atomic Structure & Chemical Bonding | 原子结构与化学键
An atom is the smallest part of an element that still has the properties of that element. The word comes from Greek ‘atomos’ meaning indivisible.
原子是构成元素的能保持其化学性质的最小粒子。这个词源自希腊语 ‘atomos’，意为不可分割。
An element is a pure substance made of only one type of atom. A compound is a substance made of two or more different elements chemically joined together.
元素是一种只由一种原子组成的纯净物。化合物是由两种或两种以上不同元素通过化学键结合而成的物质。
Inside the atom, the central nucleus contains protons (positive charge) and neutrons (no charge). Electrons (negative charge) whiz around the nucleus in energy levels or shells.
原子内部，中心的原子核包含质子（带正电）和中子（不带电）。电子（带负电）在能级或电子层上绕核飞速运动。
The atomic number tells you the number of protons (and electrons in a neutral atom). The mass number is the total of protons and neutrons. Remember: mass number minus atomic number gives the number of neutrons.
原子序数表示质子数（中性原子中电子数与此相同）。质量数是质子与中子数之和。记住：质量数减去原子序数等于中子数。
Atoms achieve stability by losing or gaining electrons, becoming ions. Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons between a metal and a non-metal, while covalent bonding involves sharing electron pairs between non-metals.
原子通过失去或得到电子达到稳定结构，成为离子。离子键涉及金属与非金属之间的电子转移，而共价键涉及非金属之间共享电子对。
3. Forces and Energy Transfer | 力与能量传递
A force is a push or a pull measured in newtons (N). It can change an object’s speed, direction or shape.
力是推或拉，单位是牛顿 (N)。力可以改变物体的速度、方向或形状。
Mass is the amount of matter in an object and does not change with location, whereas weight is the force of gravity on that mass. Weight (N) = mass (kg) × gravitational field strength (N/kg).
质量是物体所含物质的多少，不随地点改变；而重量是重力作用在质量上的力。重量 (N) = 质量 (kg) × 重力场强度 (N/kg)。
Friction is a resistive force that opposes motion when two surfaces rub together. Air resistance and water resistance are types of drag.
摩擦力是两个表面相互摩擦时阻碍运动的抵抗力。空气阻力和水阻力都属于拖曳力。
Work is done when a force moves an object: work (J) = force (N) × distance (m). Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules (J).
当力使物体移动时，就做了功：功 (J) = 力 (N) × 距离 (m)。能量是做功的能力，单位是焦耳 (J)。
Energy exists in various stores: kinetic energy (movement), gravitational potential energy (height), thermal energy (heat), chemical energy (fuels/food), elastic potential energy (stretched springs). The law of conservation of energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transferred.
能量有多种储存形式：动能（运动）、重力势能（高度）、热能（热）、化学能（燃料/食物）、弹性势能（拉伸的弹簧）。能量守恒定律指出，能量既不能被创造也不能被消灭，只能被转移。
4. Scientific Investigation Terms | 科学探究术语
A hypothesis is a testable prediction or an educated guess about what you think will happen in an experiment.
假设是一种可检验的预测，或者是对实验结果的合理猜测。
The independent variable is the factor you deliberately change. The dependent variable is what you measure or observe as a result. Control variables are all the factors you keep the same to ensure a fair test.
自变量是你故意改变的因素。因变量是你测量或观察的结果。控制变量是你保持不变的所有因素，以确保实验公平。
A fair test means only one variable is changed at a time, so you can be confident that any effect is due to that variable.
公平实验意味着每次只改变一个变量，这样你就能确信任何效应都是由那个变量引起的。
Reliability refers to the consistency of results when an experiment is repeated. To improve reliability, you can calculate the mean and identify anomalies. Accuracy relates to how close a measurement is to the true value.
可靠性指实验重复时结果的一致性。提高可靠性的方法包括计算平均值和识别异常值。准确性与测量值接近真实值的程度有关。
5. Mastering Prefixes & Suffixes | 掌握前缀与后缀
Many scientific terms are built from standard Greek and Latin roots. Recognising these can help you decode unfamiliar words instantly.
许多科学术语由标准的希腊语和拉丁语词根构成。识别这些词根能帮你立刻解读生词。
The prefix ‘bio-‘ means life: biology (study of life), biopsy, biodegradable. ‘photo-‘ means light: photosynthesis (light + putting together), photograph.
前缀 ‘bio-‘ 表示生命：生物学、活组织检查、可生物降解。‘photo-‘ 表示光：光合作用、相片。
‘Therm-‘ relates to heat: endothermic (absorbing heat), exothermic (releasing heat), thermometer. ‘Hydro-‘ means water: hydrocarbon (carbon + hydrogen), dehydration.
‘Therm-‘ 与热有关：吸热反应、放热反应、温度计。‘Hydro-‘ 表示水：碳氢化合物、脱水。
‘Mono-‘ (1), ‘di-‘ (2), ‘tri-‘ (3), ‘tetra-‘ (4) help name compounds: carbon dioxide (CO₂), diphosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅). The suffix ‘-ase’ indicates an enzyme: lactase breaks down lactose, protease breaks down protein.
‘Mono-‘ (1), ‘di-‘ (2), ‘tri-‘ (3), ‘tetra-‘ (4) 帮助命名化合物：二氧化碳、五氧化二磷。后缀 ‘-ase’ 表示酶：乳糖酶分解乳糖，蛋白酶分解蛋白质。
‘-ology’ means the study of: geology, psychology. ‘-lysis’ means splitting or breakdown: hydrolysis (splitting with water), electrolysis (splitting with electricity).
‘-ology’ 表示学科：地质学、心理学。‘-lysis’ 表示分解或拆分：水解（用水分解）、电解（用电分解）。
6. Acronyms & Mnemonics | 首字母缩略词与记忆术
Acronyms and silly phrases that embed the first letters of a list are powerful memory hooks. Use them to recall sequences and definitions without strain.
首字母缩略词和包含列表首字母的有趣短语是强大的记忆挂钩。利用它们可以毫不费力地回忆起顺序和定义。
For the seven life processes, remember MRS GREN: Movement, Respiration, Sensitivity, Growth, Reproduction, Excretion, Nutrition. Say it out loud until it sticks.
对于七种生命过程，记牢 MRS GREN：运动、呼吸作用、感应性、生长、繁殖、排泄、营养。大声念出来，直到记住。
In chemistry, OIL RIG helps with redox reactions: Oxidation Is Loss of electrons, Reduction Is Gain of electrons.
在化学中，OIL RIG 有助于记忆氧化还原反应：氧化是失去电子，还原是得到电子。
To recall the reactivity series order, make a crazy sentence from the metal symbols: Potassium, Sodium, Lithium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, (Carbon), Zinc, Iron, Tin, Lead, (Hydrogen), Copper, Silver, Gold, Platinum. E.g. ‘Please Send Lions, Cats, Monkeys And Cute Zebras Into Tiny Lead Cages, Silver Guards Protect.’
要记住金属活动性顺序，用金属符号编一个夸张的句子：钾、钠、锂、钙、镁、铝、（碳）、锌、铁、锡、铅、（氢）、铜、银、金、铂。例如，’请把狮子、猫、猴子和可爱的斑马送进小小的铅笼，银色的守卫守护着白金。’
For the colours of the visible spectrum, ROYGBIV stands for Red, Orange, Yellow, Green, Blue, Indigo, Violet. Create your own rap to make it personal.
对于可见光谱的颜色，ROYGBIV 代表红橙黄绿蓝靛紫。自己编个顺口溜，让它成为你的专属记忆。
7. Commonly Confused Word Pairs | 常见易混淆词对
Some terms sound similar but mean very different things. Distinguishing them is essential for accurate answers in WJEC exams.
有些术语听起来相似，但含义大相径庭。区分它们对于在WJEC考试中给出准确答案至关重要。
Mass is the quantity of matter (kg), while weight is the force due to gravity (N). On the Moon your mass stays the same but your weight is less because gravity is weaker.
质量是物质的多少（kg），而重量是重力产生的力（N）。在月球上，你的质量不变，但重量变轻，因为月球引力更弱。
Heat is the transfer of thermal energy from hot to cold, while temperature measures the average kinetic energy of particles in degrees Celsius (°C).
热量是从高温向低温传递的热能，而温度是衡量粒子平均动能的指标，单位是摄氏度 (°C)。
Speed is the rate at which distance is covered (m/s), a scalar quantity. Velocity is speed in a given direction, a vector quantity. An object moving in a circle at constant speed has changing velocity.
速率是移动距离的速率 (m/s)，是标量。速度是具有方向的速率，是矢量。以恒定速率做圆周运动的物体，其速度是在变化的。
In a series circuit, there is only one loop; if one bulb breaks, all go out. In a parallel circuit, there are multiple branches; each bulb stays bright and other pathways still work if one fails.
在串联电路中，只有一个回路；如果一个灯泡坏了，全部熄灭。在并联电路中，有多个支路；每个灯泡亮度不变，一个支路断开其他仍工作。
8. Graph & Data Description | 图表与数据描述词汇
Being able to describe graphs precisely earns high marks. Start with naming the x-axis (horizontal) and y-axis (vertical), and identify which variable goes where.
精确描述图表能得高分。首先要指出x轴（水平）和y轴（垂直），并确定变量分别放在哪里。
The line of best fit is a smooth line or straight line drawn through points to show the overall trend. Do not simply join dots unless instructed.
最佳拟合线是通过点画出的平滑线或直线，以显示总体趋势。除非有要求，不要简单地把点连起来。
An anomalous result is a data point that lies far from the line of best fit. You should identify it, circle it on the graph, and exclude it when calculating means.
异常值是偏离最佳拟合线很远的数据点。你应该识别出来，在图上圈出，并在计算平均值时排除。
Use terms like positive correlation (both increase), negative correlation (one increases, other decreases), or no correlation. Mention if the relationship is linear or non-linear.
用正相关（两者同增）、负相关（一增一减）或无相关来描述。说明关系是线性还是非线性。
The gradient tells you how steep a line is. On a distance-time graph, the gradient represents speed; on a velocity-time graph, gradient equals acceleration.
斜率表示线的倾斜程度。在距离-时间图上，斜率代表速度；在速度-时间图上，斜率等于加速度。
9. Practical Exam Command Words | 实验考试指令词
WJEC exam questions use specific command words, and your answer must match what the question asks. Misreading them is a common pitfall.
WJEC 考试题目中使用特定的指令词，你的答案必须与问题要求一致。误读这些词是常见的失分陷阱。
Describe means write what happens or what you see, without explaining why. Use data or observations. Explain means give reasons using scientific knowledge (use ‘because’ and link cause to effect).
Describe 意为描述你看到或发生了什么，无需解释原因，用数据或观察作答。Explain 意为用科学知识给出原因（使用“因为”，并把原因与结果联系起来）。
Compare requires pointing out similarities and differences. Use comparative words like ‘higher than’, ‘whereas’, ‘both’ and ‘similarly’.
Compare 要求指出相同点和不同点。使用比较词，如“高于”、“而”、“两者都”和“相似地”。
Evaluate means weigh up evidence, draw conclusions supported by data, and comment on limitations. Often you must say which method is better and why.
Evaluate 意为权衡证据，根据数据得出结论，并评论其局限性。通常你需要说明哪种方法更好及其原因。
Calculate expects a numerical answer; show your working and include the correct unit. Determine may require reading from a graph or using a formula.
Calculate 要求得出数值答案；展示计算过程并包含正确单位。Determine 可能需要从图表读取或使用公式。
10. Ecology & Environment | 生态与环境词汇
An ecosystem is a community of organisms interacting with their non-living environment. A habitat is the specific place where an organism lives.
生态系统是生物群落与其非生物环境相互作用的系统。栖息地是生物生存的具体地点。
A population is all the members of one species in a habitat. A community includes all the different populations living together.
种群是栖息地中同一物种的所有个体。群落是共同生活的所有不同种群的集合。
Producers (e.g. plants) make their own food by photosynthesis. Consumers eat other organisms; primary consumers eat producers, secondary consumers eat primary consumers.
生产者（如植物）通过光合作用制造食物。消费者捕食其他生物；初级消费者吃生产者，次级消费者吃初级消费者。
Decomposers (bacteria and fungi) break down dead material, returning nutrients to the soil. This is why a food chain is shown as arrows pointing from food to feeder.
分解者（细菌和真菌）分解死物，将养分归还土壤。因此食物链的箭头方向是从食物指向取食者。
A food web is a network of interconnected food chains, showing that most animals eat more than one type of food. Biodiversity refers to the variety of living things in an area; high biodiversity makes ecosystems more stable.
食物网是相互关联的多条食物链组成的网络，表明多数动物不止吃一种食物。生物多样性指一个地区生物的多样性；生物多样性高使生态系统更稳定。
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