📚 Key Terminology Memory Guide for Year 10 CIE Computer Science | Year 10 CIE 计算机科学关键术语速记指南
Mastering key terminology is essential for success in Year 10 CIE Computer Science. This guide breaks down the most important terms across all syllabus topics, offering mnemonic tricks, clear definitions and practical examples. By understanding these concepts well, you will boost your confidence in both theory and exam papers.
掌握关键术语是 Year 10 CIE 计算机科学取得成功的基石。本指南分解了考纲中所有主题最重要的术语，提供记忆诀窍、清晰的定义和实际示例。充分理解这些概念，你将提升理论和考试论文的自信。
1. Data Representation | 数据表示
Bit: A binary digit, the smallest unit of data, storing a 0 or 1. Imagine it as a light switch — off (0) or on (1).
比特 (位): 最小的数据单位，一个二进制数字，存储 0 或 1。想象成电灯开关 — 关 (0) 或 开 (1)。
Nibble: A group of 4 bits, often called half a byte. Very useful when converting between binary and hexadecimal because one hex digit represents exactly 4 bits.
半字节: 4 个比特组成的单元，常称为半个字节。在进行二进制与十六进制转换时非常有用，因为一位十六进制数字正好代表 4 位二进制。
Byte: 8 bits. The standard unit for measuring file size and memory. Mnemonic: ‘byte’ contains ‘eight’, so 1 B = 8 b.
字节: 8 个比特。衡量文件大小和存储容量的基本单位。记忆窍门：英文 ‘byte’ 里有 ‘eight’，1 字节 = 8 位。
Binary: Base‑2 number system using digits 0 and 1. E.g. 1101₂ = 13₁₀. All digital data is ultimately stored as binary.
二进制: 基数为 2 的数字系统，使用数字 0 和 1。例如 1101₂ = 13₁₀。所有数字数据最终都以二进制存储。
Denary (Decimal): Base‑10 system, the numbers we use every day (0‑9). E.g. 202₃₀ is a denary number.
十进制: 基数为 10 的数字系统，即我们日常使用的数字 (0‑9)。例如 202₁₀ 是一个十进制数。
Hexadecimal: Base‑16 system, digits 0‑9 and A‑F (A=10, …, F=15). It is a compact way to represent binary values. E.g. 3F16 = 0011 1111₂.
十六进制: 基数为 16 的数字系统，使用数字 0‑9 和字母 A‑F (A=10, …, F=15)。它是二进制的一种紧凑表示方式。例如 3F16 = 0011 1111₂。
Overflow: An error that occurs when the result of a calculation requires more bits than the computer can store. E.g. adding two 8‑bit numbers that produce a 9‑bit answer.
溢出: 当计算结果需要的位数超出计算机可存储的位数时发生的错误。例如两个 8 位数相加得到一个 9 位的结果。
Pixel: Short for ‘picture element’ — the smallest addressable dot on a screen or digital image. More pixels mean higher detail.
像素: ‘图像元素’ 的缩写 — 屏幕或数字图像中可寻址的最小色点。像素越多，图像越精细。
Resolution: The total number of pixels displayed, usually given as width × height (e.g. 1920 × 1080).
分辨率: 显示的像素总数，通常表示为宽 × 高 (如 1920 × 1080)。
Colour Depth: The number of bits used to represent the colour of a single pixel. Higher colour depth gives a wider range of colours. 1 bit = 2 colours, 8 bits = 256 colours.
颜色深度: 用于表示单个像素颜色的比特数。颜色深度越高，可显示的颜色范围越大。1 位 = 2 种颜色，8 位 = 256 种颜色。
Sampling: In sound, taking measurements of amplitude at regular intervals. A higher sample rate captures more detail per second.
采样: 在音频中，以固定间隔对振幅进行测量。采样率越高，每秒捕获的信息细节越多。
2. Logic Gates and Boolean Algebra | 逻辑门与布尔代数
AND gate: Output is 1 only if both inputs are 1. Symbol shape often a ‘D’. Mnemonic: you AND your friend both need to agree (1+1=1). Boolean: Z = A AND B.
与门: 仅当两个输入都为 1 时，输出才为 1。符号形状类似字母 ‘D’。记忆法：你和你的朋友两个人都需要同意 (1+1=1)。布尔表达式: Z = A AND B。
OR gate: Output is 1 if at least one input is 1. Shape is a curved ‘rocket’. Mnemonic: you OR your friend can decide, at least one (1+0=1).
或门: 只要至少一个输入为 1，输出就为 1。形状是一个弧形 ‘火箭’。记忆法：你或你的朋友中有一人决定即可 (至少一个 1)。
NOT gate: A single input gate that inverts the signal. Input 1 gives output 0, and vice versa. Often drawn as a triangle with a bubble.
非门: 只有一个输入的逻辑门，将信号反转。输入 1 输出 0，反之亦然。通常画作带小圆圈的三角形。
NAND gate: NOT AND – output is 0 only when both inputs are 1, otherwise 1. It is the complement of AND.
与非门: 不是与门 — 仅当两个输入都是 1 时输出为 0，其余情况输出 1。它是与门的互补。
NOR gate: NOT OR – output is 1 only when both inputs are 0.
或非门: 不是或门 — 仅当两个输入都是 0 时输出为 1。
XOR gate (Exclusive OR): Output is 1 when inputs are different. Mnemonic: ‘exclusive or’ means ‘one or the other but not both’.
异或门: 当两个输入不同时输出为 1。记忆法：’异或’ 意味着 ‘一个或者另一个，但不能两个同时’。
Truth Table: A table that shows all possible input combinations and the corresponding output for a logic circuit or gate.
真值表: 列出所有可能输入组合及其对应输出值的表格，用于表示逻辑电路或逻辑门的行为。
3. Computer Architecture | 计算机体系结构
CPU (Central Processing Unit): The brain of the computer that processes instructions and data. It contains the ALU, CU and registers.
CPU (中央处理器): 计算机的大脑，负责处理指令和数据。包含 ALU、CU 和寄存器。
ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic (+, −, ×, ÷) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT). Think: ‘A’ for Arithmetic.
ALU (算术逻辑单元): 执行算术运算 (+, −, ×, ÷) 和逻辑运算 (AND, OR, NOT)。记忆：’A’ 代表 Arithmetic。
CU (Control Unit): Directs the flow of data and decodes instructions. It sends control signals to coordinate all parts of the CPU.
CU (控制单元): 指挥数据流动并译码指令。它发出控制信号来协调 CPU 的所有部件。
Registers: Tiny, ultra‑fast storage locations inside the CPU. Key ones include PC (Program Counter), MAR (Memory Address Register), MDR (Memory Data Register), CIR (Current Instruction Register) and ACC (Accumulator).
寄存器: CPU 内部极其高速的微型存储位置。重要的寄存器包括 PC (程序计数器)、MAR (内存地址寄存器)、MDR (内存数据寄存器)、CIR (当前指令寄存器) 和 ACC (累加器)。
Von Neumann Architecture: A design where both program instructions and data are stored in the same memory, and the CPU fetches‑decodes‑executes them sequentially.
冯·诺依曼架构: 一种将程序指令和数据存储在同一内存中、CPU 依次进行取指‑译码‑执行的计算机设计。
Fetch‑Decode‑Execute Cycle: The continuous loop the CPU runs: fetch instruction from memory, decode what it means, then execute it. Mnemonic: like a chef — get recipe, read step, cook.
取指‑译码‑执行周期: CPU 不断运行的三步循环：从内存取出指令，翻译指令含义，然后执行。记忆法：像厨师做菜 — 拿食谱，读步骤，烹饪。
Clock Speed: Measured in Hertz (Hz), indicates how many fetch‑decode‑execute cycles the CPU can perform per second. Higher is generally faster.
时钟速度: 以赫兹 (Hz) 为单位，表示 CPU 每秒可以执行多少次取指‑译码‑执行循环。通常时钟速度越高，处理速度越快。
4. Memory and Storage | 存储器与存储
RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile primary memory that holds data and programs currently in use. Power off → data lost. Think of it as your desk workspace.
RAM (随机存取存储器): 易失性主存储器，存放当前正在使用的数据和程序。断电即丢失数据。想象成你书桌的工作区域。
ROM (Read Only Memory): Non‑volatile memory that stores firmware/BIOS needed to boot the computer. Remembers even without power.
ROM (只读存储器): 非易失性存储器，存放启动计算机所需的固件/BIOS。即使断电也能保持内容。
Volatile vs Non‑volatile: Volatile memory loses content when power is removed (RAM); non‑volatile retains it (ROM, SSD).
易失性与非易失性: 易失性存储器断电后内容消失 (如 RAM)；非易失性存储器保留内容 (如 ROM、SSD)。
Primary Storage: Memory directly accessible by the CPU — mainly RAM and ROM. Fast but small capacity compared to secondary.
主存储器 (初级存储): CPU 可直接访问的内存 — 主要是 RAM 和 ROM。速度快但容量比二级存储小。
Secondary Storage: Non‑volatile, large‑capacity storage for long‑term keeping, e.g. HDD (magnetic), SSD (flash), optical discs. Slower but persistent.
二级存储: 非易失性、大容量的长期存储设备，如机械硬盘 (磁性)、固态硬盘 (闪存)、光盘。速度较慢但数据持久保存。
Virtual Memory: Using a portion of secondary storage as an extension of RAM when RAM is full. Slower but prevents crashes.
虚拟内存: 当 RAM 已满时，使用部分二级存储空间作为 RAM 的扩展。速度较慢，但可防止系统崩溃。
5. Operating Systems and Software | 操作系统与软件
Operating System (OS): System software that manages hardware, runs applications, and provides a user interface. Examples: Windows, Linux, macOS.
操作系统 (OS): 管理硬件、运行应用程序并提供用户界面的系统软件。例如 Windows、Linux、macOS。
Kernel: The core part of the OS that controls CPU, memory and devices; it stays in memory at all times.
内核: 操作系统的核心部分，控制 CPU、内存和设备；始终驻留在内存中。
GUI (Graphical User Interface): Visual interface with windows, icons, menus and pointers (WIMP). User‑friendly and intuitive.
GUI (图形用户界面): 包含窗口、图标、菜单和指针 (WIMP) 的可视化界面。对用户友好且操作直观。
CLI (Command Line Interface): Text‑based interface where users type commands. More resource‑efficient and powerful for advanced tasks.
CLI (命令行界面): 通过键入命令进行交互的文本界面。节省资源，对高级操作更强大。
Utility Software: Programs that perform maintenance or housekeeping tasks, e.g. antivirus, disk defragmenter, backup tools.
实用工具软件: 执行维护或整理任务的程序，例如防病毒、磁盘碎片整理、备份工具。
Application Software: Programs designed for end users to carry out specific tasks — word processors, web browsers, games.
应用软件: 为终端用户执行特定任务而设计的程序 — 文字处理软件、网页浏览器、游戏。
6. Networks and Internet | 网络与互联网
LAN (Local Area Network): Network covering a small geographical area, like a school or office. Often uses Ethernet or Wi‑Fi.
LAN (局域网): 覆盖较小地理区域的网络，如学校或办公室。通常采用以太网或 Wi‑Fi。
WAN (Wide Area Network): Network spanning large distances, connecting LANs across cities or countries. The Internet is the largest WAN.
WAN (广域网): 跨越远距离连接多个局域网的网络，覆盖城市或国家范围。互联网就是最大的广域网。
Router: Device that forwards data packets between networks, directing traffic efficiently. It works with IP addresses.
路由器: 在不同网络之间转发数据包、高效引导流量的设备。它使用 IP 地址进行寻址。
Switch: Connects devices within a LAN, sending data only to the specific destination device using MAC addresses.
交换机: 在局域网内连接设备，凭借 MAC 地址仅将数据发送到特定目标设备。
Protocol: A set of rules for data communication. Key ones: TCP/IP (suite for the Internet), HTTP (web pages), HTTPS (secure web), FTP (file transfer).
协议: 数据通信的一套规则。重要协议：TCP/IP (互联网协议簇)、HTTP (网页)、HTTPS (安全网页)、FTP (文件传输)。
MAC Address: A unique hardware identifier hard‑coded into a network interface card (NIC). Stays constant, like a physical fingerprint.
MAC 地址: 硬编码在网络接口卡 (NIC) 中的唯一硬件标识符。固定不变，如同物理指纹。
IP Address: A logical address assigned to a device on a network. Can change depending on location. E.g. 192.168.1.1 (IPv4).
IP 地址: 分配给网络上设备的逻辑地址。可根据位置变化。例如 192.168.1.1 (IPv4)。
7. Cybersecurity and Threats | 网络安全与威胁
Malware: Malicious software designed to harm or exploit systems. Includes viruses (attach to files), worms (self‑replicate), trojans (disguised as useful) and ransomware (locks files for payment).
恶意软件: 旨在破坏或利用系统的恶意软件。包括病毒 (依附文件)、蠕虫 (自我复制)、木马 (伪装成有用程序) 和勒索软件 (加密文件勒索赎金)。
Phishing: Fraudulent attempt to obtain sensitive information by pretending to be a trustworthy entity, often via email. Look for suspicious links.
网络钓鱼: 通过伪装成可信机构来骗取敏感信息的欺诈行为，通常通过电子邮件进行。注意可疑链接。
Brute‑force Attack: Trying all possible password combinations until the correct one is found. Countered by strong, long passwords and account lockout.
暴力破解: 尝试所有可能的密码组合，直至找到正确的密码。可通过设置强且长的密码以及账户锁定来防御。
Firewall: A barrier that monitors incoming and outgoing network traffic, blocking or allowing data based on security rules. Can be hardware or software.
防火墙: 监视进出网络流量的屏障，根据安全规则阻止或允许数据。可以是硬件或软件。
Encryption: The process of scrambling data into ciphertext using an algorithm and key, so that only authorised parties can read it. Plaintext → Ciphertext.
加密: 使用算法和密钥将数据打乱成密文的过程，只有授权方才能读取。明文 → 密文。
Symmetric vs Asymmetric Encryption: Symmetric uses the same key for encryption and decryption; asymmetric uses a public key and a private key pair.
对称加密与非对称加密: 对称加密使用同一密钥进行加解密；非对称加密使用一对公钥和私钥。
8. Databases and SQL | 数据库与 SQL
Database: An organised collection of data, typically stored electronically in tables. Allows efficient retrieval, insertion and updating.
数据库: 有组织的数据集合，通常以电子方式存储在表中。支持高效检索、插入和更新。
Table: A grid of rows and columns within a database, where each entity is stored.
表: 数据库中的行列网格，用于存储某个实体类型的数据。
Record (Row): One complete entry in a table, representing one item, e.g. all details of one student.
记录 (行): 表中的一条完整条目，代表一个事项，例如一名学生的全部详细资料。
Field (Column): A single category of data in a table, e.g. ‘StudentName’ or ‘DateOfBirth’.
字段 (列): 表中一类数据的单一类别，例如 ‘学生姓名’ 或 ‘出生日期’。
Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record; no two records can have the same primary key value. E.g. StudentID.
主键: 每条记录的唯一标识符；不允许两条记录具有相同的主键值。如 学号。
Foreign Key: A field in one table that links to the primary key of another table, creating relationships.
外键: 一张表中的字段，它引用另一张表的主键，从而建立表之间的关系。
SQL (Structured Query Language): Language used to manage and query relational databases. Basic structure: SELECT fields FROM table WHERE condition ORDER BY field;
SQL (结构化查询语言):Published by TutorHao | Year 10 Computer Science Revision Series | aleveler.com
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