📚 SQA Year 10 Biology: Rapid Vocabulary Memorisation Guide | SQA 十年级生物：词汇速记指南
A strong vocabulary foundation allows you to interpret exam questions accurately and express scientific ideas clearly. In SQA Year 10 Biology, terms range from cell structures to ecological processes. This guide provides rapid memorisation strategies, including word roots, mnemonics, and contextual learning, to help you retain essential terminology and boost your confidence.
扎实的词汇基础能让你准确解读考题并清晰表达科学观点。在 SQA 十年级生物中，术语涵盖从细胞结构到生态过程。本指南提供快速记忆策略，包括词根、记忆口诀和语境学习，助你牢记基本术语并提升自信。
1. Cell Structure Vocabulary | 细胞结构词汇
Cell membrane – a selectively permeable barrier made of phospholipids and proteins that controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell. Remember ‘selective’ means it chooses what enters and leaves.
细胞膜——由磷脂和蛋白质构成的选择性渗透屏障，控制物质进出细胞。记住‘选择性’意味着它可以挑选进出物质。
Nucleus – the organelle that contains the cell’s genetic material (DNA) and regulates gene expression. The word root ‘karyo-‘ (as in eukaryote) means nucleus.
细胞核——含有细胞遗传物质（DNA）并调控基因表达的细胞器。词根‘karyo-’（如真核生物 eukaryote）意为细胞核。
Cytoplasm – the jelly-like fluid that fills the cell and holds organelles in place. ‘Cyto-‘ means cell, and ‘plasm’ means formed material.
细胞质——充满细胞并将细胞器固定在位的胶状液体。‘cyto-’指细胞，‘-plasm’指形成物。
Mitochondria (singular: mitochondrion) – the sites of aerobic respiration, producing ATP as the cell’s energy currency. Think of the ‘mighty’ mitochondria powering the cell.
线粒体——有氧呼吸的场所，产生 ATP 作为细胞的能量货币。可以把线粒体想成‘强大’的细胞能量工厂。
Ribosomes – small structures that synthesise proteins by translating mRNA. They can be free in the cytoplasm or attached to the rough endoplasmic reticulum.
核糖体——通过翻译 mRNA 合成蛋白质的小结构。它们可以游离在细胞质中，或附着在粗面内质网上。
Chloroplast – found only in plant cells and some algae; contains chlorophyll for photosynthesis. ‘Chloro-‘ means green.
叶绿体——仅存在于植物细胞和某些藻类中，含有光合作用所需的叶绿素。‘chloro-’意为绿色。
Cell wall – a rigid outer layer made of cellulose in plants, providing support and protection. It is fully permeable, unlike the cell membrane.
细胞壁——植物细胞外由纤维素构成的坚硬外层，起支撑和保护作用。它与细胞膜不同，是全透性的。
2. Biological Molecules Terms | 生物分子术语
Carbohydrates – organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in a 1:2:1 ratio. They provide quick energy. The suffix ‘-ose’ indicates a sugar, e.g., glucose, fructose. Starch and glycogen are complex carbohydrates used for energy storage.
碳水化合物——由碳、氢、氧组成的有机化合物，通常比例为 1:2:1。它们提供快速能量。后缀‘-ose’表示糖类，如葡萄糖、果糖。淀粉和糖原是用作能量储存的复杂碳水化合物。
Proteins – large molecules made of amino acid chains folded into specific shapes. Their functions include enzymes, structural support, and transport. Think of ‘amino’ as the building block.
蛋白质——由氨基酸链折叠成特定形状的大分子。功能包括酶、结构支持和运输。把‘氨基酸’想象为构建单元。
Lipids – fats and oils, composed of glycerol and fatty acids. They store long-term energy, provide insulation, and form cell membranes. The word ‘lipid’ comes from Greek ‘lipos’ meaning fat.
脂质——脂肪和油，由甘油和脂肪酸组成。它们储存长期能量、提供隔热并构成细胞膜。‘lipid’一词源自希腊语‘lipos’，意为脂肪。
Enzymes are biological catalysts that speed up reactions by lowering activation energy. They are proteins with specific active sites fitting substrates like a lock and key. The suffix ‘-ase’ signals an enzyme, e.g., amylase, protease.
酶是生物催化剂，通过降低活化能加快反应。它们是具有特定活性位点的蛋白质，底物与其契合就像锁和钥匙。后缀‘-ase’标志其为酶，如淀粉酶、蛋白酶。
3. Enzymes and Catalysis | 酶与催化作用
Active site – the region on an enzyme where the substrate binds. The shape is crucial; any change can stop the reaction. Visualise a 3D puzzle piece.
活性位点——酶上与底物结合的区域。形状至关重要，任何变化都可能终止反应。想象成一个三维拼图块。
Substrate – the reactant molecule that an enzyme acts on. For example, starch is the substrate for amylase, and hydrogen peroxide is the substrate for catalase.
底物——酶所作用的反应物分子。例如，淀粉是淀粉酶的底物，过氧化氢是过氧化氢酶的底物。
Denaturation – the irreversible change in an enzyme’s active site shape due to extreme pH or high temperature, causing loss of function. Think of an egg white turning from clear to white when heated.
变性——由于极端 pH 或高温导致酶活性位点形状发生不可逆改变，从而丧失功能。想象加热时蛋清从透明变为白色。
Optimum conditions – the specific temperature and pH at which an enzyme works fastest. Human enzymes usually have an optimum near 37 °C and pH 7, but pepsin in the stomach works best at pH 2.
最适条件——酶发挥最快作用所需的特定温度和 pH。人体酶的最适温度通常在 37 °C 左右，最适 pH 为 7，但胃中的胃蛋白酶在 pH 2 时活性最佳。
4. Photosynthesis Terminology | 光合作用术语
Photosynthesis is the process by which green plants use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen. The word splits into ‘photo-‘ (light) and ‘synthesis’ (putting together).
光合作用是绿色植物利用光能将二氧化碳和水转化为葡萄糖和氧气的过程。单词可拆分为‘photo-’（光）和‘synthesis’（合成）。
The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
光合作用的平衡化学方程式为：
6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
Chlorophyll – the green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy, mainly red and blue wavelengths, reflecting green light. ‘Chloros’ means green in Greek.
叶绿素——叶绿体中的绿色色素，吸收光能，主要是红光和蓝光，反射绿光。希腊语中‘chloros’意为绿色。
Limiting factor – an environmental factor, such as light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, or temperature, that restricts the rate of photosynthesis when in short supply. Use the ‘bottleneck’ image to remember: the narrowest part limits flow.
限制因子——环境中限制光合作用速率的因素，如光照强度、二氧化碳浓度或温度，当供应不足时就会产生限制。用‘瓶颈’形象记忆：最窄处限制流量。
5. Respiration Vocabulary | 呼吸作用词汇
Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria using oxygen to break down glucose completely, releasing a large amount of ATP. The word ‘aerobic’ means ‘with air’.
有氧呼吸在线粒体中进行，利用氧气完全分解葡萄糖，释放大量 ATP。‘aerobic’意为‘需要空气的’。
The summary equation for aerobic respiration is:
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + energy (ATP)
有氧呼吸总方程式为：
C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂ → 6CO₂ + 6H₂O + 能量 (ATP)
Anaerobic respiration – the breakdown of glucose without oxygen, producing much less ATP. In human muscles, it produces lactic acid; in yeast, it produces ethanol and carbon dioxide (fermentation). Remember ‘an-‘ means without.
无氧呼吸——在无氧条件下分解葡萄糖，产生的 ATP 要少得多。在人体肌肉中产生乳酸；在酵母中产生乙醇和二氧化碳（发酵）。记住‘an-’表示无、没有。
ATP (adenosine triphosphate) – the energy-carrying molecule used by cells. It releases energy when the bond between the second and third phosphate groups breaks. Think of ATP as a rechargeable battery.
ATP（三磷酸腺苷）——细胞使用的载能分子。当第二与第三磷酸基团之间的化学键断裂时释放能量。把 ATP 想象成可充电电池。
6. Genetics and Inheritance | 遗传与继承
DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid, the molecule that carries genetic information. It is shaped as a double helix. The name describes its components: deoxyribose sugar and nucleic acid.
DNA——脱氧核糖核酸，携带遗传信息的分子。其形状为双螺旋。名称描述了其组分：脱氧核糖和核酸。
Gene – a segment of DNA that codes for a specific protein or trait. The word comes from the Greek ‘genos’, meaning origin or birth.
基因——编码特定蛋白质或性状的 DNA 片段。该词源自希腊语‘genos’，意为起源或出生。
Allele – an alternative form of a gene. For example, the gene for eye colour may have a blue allele and a brown allele. Alleles occupy the same position (locus) on homologous chromosomes.
等位基因——基因的替代形式。例如，控制眼色的基因可能有蓝色等位基因和棕色等位基因。等位基因位于同源染色体的相同位置（基因座）。
Dominant allele – an allele whose trait always shows up when present. Represented by an uppercase letter, e.g., B for brown eyes. Recessive allele – only expressed when two copies are present, denoted by a lowercase letter, e.g., b for blue eyes. Remind yourself: ‘Dominant blocks recessive, recessive hides quietly.’
显性等位基因——存在时其性状总能表现出来的等位基因，用大写字母表示，如棕色眼睛用 B。隐性等位基因——只有在两个拷贝同时存在时才表达的等位基因，用小写字母表示，如 b 表示蓝色眼睛。提醒自己：‘显性遮挡隐性，隐性悄悄隐藏。’
Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism (e.g., BB, Bb, bb). Phenotype – the physical expression of the genotype (e.g., brown eyes, blue eyes). Homozygous means having two identical alleles (BB or bb); heterozygous means having two different alleles (Bb). ‘Homo-‘ = same, ‘hetero-‘ = different.
基因型——生物体的遗传组成（如 BB、Bb、bb）。表现型——基因型的物理表现（如棕色眼睛、蓝色眼睛）。纯合子指拥有两个相同等位基因（BB 或 bb）；杂合子指拥有两个不同等位基因（Bb）。‘homo-’= 相同，‘hetero-’= 不同。
7. Cell Division Terms | 细胞分裂术语
Mitosis – a type of cell division that produces two genetically identical daughter cells, used for growth and repair. It maintains the diploid chromosome number. Remember ‘mi-two-sis’ to recall two identical cells.
有丝分裂——产生两个遗传上完全相同的子细胞的细胞分裂类型，用于生长和修复。它维持二倍体染色体数目。用‘mi-two-sis’联想产生两个相同细胞。
Meiosis – cell division that produces four genetically non-identical gametes (sperm or egg cells) with half the chromosome number (haploid). This introduces genetic variation. Think ‘mei-osis’ reduces the chromosome number, like ‘mei’ sounds like ‘my’ half.
减数分裂——产生四个遗传上不相同的配子（精子或卵细胞）的细胞分裂，染色体数目减半（单倍体）。这引入了遗传变异。联想‘mei-osis’减半，‘mei’听起来像‘my’（我的）一半。
Chromosome – a coiled structure of DNA and proteins found in the nucleus. Humans have 46 chromosomes (23 pairs). Chromatid – one of the two identical halves of a replicated chromosome, joined at the centromere.
染色体——细胞核中由 DNA 和蛋白质盘绕而成的结构。人类有 46 条染色体（23 对）。染色单体——复制后染色体两个相同的一半之一，在着丝粒处相连。
Diploid (2n) – cells that contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent. Haploid (n) – cells with a single set of chromosomes, such as gametes. In SQA, learn the human numbers: 2n = 46, n = 23.
二倍体（2n）——含有两套完整染色体的细胞，每套来自一个亲本。单倍体（n）——含有一套染色体的细胞，如配子。在 SQA 考试中，记住人类数目：2n = 46，n = 23。
8. Ecology Essentials | 生态学基础
Habitat – the place where an organism lives. Population – all the organisms of the same species living in a habitat. Community – all the populations of different species in a habitat. Ecosystem – the community plus the non-living (abiotic) factors such as temperature and soil.
栖息地——生物生活的地方。种群——生活在同一栖息地中同一物种的所有个体。群落——栖息地中所有不同物种种群的总和。生态系统——群落加上非生物（非生命的）因素，如温度和土壤。
Producer – an organism that makes its own food via photosynthesis, e.g., grass, trees. Consumer – an organism that eats other organisms to gain energy. Herbivores, carnivores, and omnivores are consumers. Decomposer – a microorganism that breaks down dead matter, recycling nutrients, e.g., bacteria and fungi.
生产者——通过光合作用自己制造食物的生物，如草、树木。消费者——通过吃其他生物获取能量的生物。食草动物、食肉动物和杂食动物都是消费者。分解者——分解死物、回收养分的微生物，如细菌和真菌。
Food chain – a simple diagram showing the flow of energy from producers to top consumers. Food web – a network of interconnected food chains. Remember that arrows point in the direction of energy flow (towards the eater).
食物链——展示能量从生产者流向顶级消费者的简单图示。食物网——相互连接的食物链网络。记住箭头指向能量流动的方向（指向取食者）。
The prefix ‘bio-‘ means life, ‘eco-‘ means house or environment. So ecology is the study of organisms in their environmental ‘house’.
前缀‘bio-’意为生命，‘eco-’意为家或环境。因此生态学就是研究生物在其环境‘家’中的科学。
9. Word Roots and Mnemonics for Rapid Recall | 词根与记忆口诀助快速记忆
Unlocking the meaning of word parts makes memorisation far easier. Below are high-yield prefixes and suffixes commonly tested in SQA Year 10 Biology.
解锁单词部分的含义会让记忆变得容易得多。以下是 SQA 十年级生物中常考的高频前缀和后缀。
| Prefix/Suffix | Meaning | Example | 中文含义 |
|---|---|---|---|
| cyto- | cell | cytoplasm | 细胞质的 |
| mito- | thread | mitosis, mitochondria | 线状的 |
| chloro- | green | chlorophyll | 绿 |
| hetero- | different | heterozygous | 不同的 |
| homo- | same | homozygous, homologous | 相同的 |
| poly- | many | polypeptide | 多 |
| -ase | enzyme | amylase, catalase | 酶 |
| -ose | sugar | glucose, fructose | 糖 |
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