📚 SQA Year 9 Chinese: Formula and Theorem Quick Reference Handbook | SQA Year 9 中文：公式定理速查手册
Mastering Chinese grammar is like unlocking a set of powerful formulas. For SQA Year 9 Chinese learners, understanding these sentence ‘theorems’ can dramatically improve your accuracy and fluency. This quick reference handbook presents essential Chinese sentence patterns and rules as clear, memorisable formulas, each paired with real examples and simple explanations.
掌握中文语法就像解锁一套强大的公式。对于 SQA Year 9 中文学习者来说，理解这些句子“定理”可以大幅提高你的准确性和流利度。这本速查手册将核心汉语句型和规则呈现为清晰易记的公式，每条都配有实例和简明解释。
1. Basic Sentence Structure | 基本句子结构
The fundamental template of a Chinese sentence follows the Subject-Verb-Object (SVO) order, much like English. However, time and place words appear before the verb. Think of it as a formula: Subject + Time + Place + Verb + Object. Adverbials of manner also slot in before the verb.
汉语句子的基本模板遵循主+谓+宾语序，与英语类似。但时间和地点词出现在动词之前。你可以把它想象成一个公式：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 动词 + 宾语。方式状语也放在动词前。
S + Time + Place + V + O
English example: I (我) + every day (每天) + at school (在学校) + study (学习) + Chinese (中文) → 我每天在学校学习中文。Negation: just add 不 or 没 before the auxiliary or main verb, keeping the same word order. Chinese does not use inversion for questions; it uses question particles or structures, covered later.
中文例句：我每天在学校学习中文。否定式只需在助动词或主动词前加“不”或“没”，语序不变。汉语疑问句不靠倒装，靠疑问词或结构，后面会讲到。
2. The ‘是’ Sentence Pattern | “是”字句公式
The verb 是 (shì, to be) connects two noun phrases. It never takes an adjective directly. Formula: A + 是 + B. The negation is created by adding 不 before 是: A + 不是 + B. Be careful: you cannot say ‘我是好’ to mean ‘I am good’; the correct structure is ‘我很好’ (adjective predicate). Only nouns or noun phrases can follow 是.
“是”字连接两个名词性成分。它从不直接接形容词。公式：A + 是 + B。否定式在“是”前加“不”：A + 不是 + B。注意：不能用“我是好”表示“I am good”，正确说法是“我很好”（形容词谓语句）。只有名词或名词短语能放在“是”后面。
A + 是 + B A + 不是 + B
Example: 他是学生 (He is a student). 她不是老师 (She is not a teacher). 那本书是我的 (That book is mine).
例句：他是学生。她不是老师。那本书是我的。
3. The ‘有’ Sentence for Existence | “有”字存在句
有 (yǒu) means ‘to have’ or ‘there is/are’. Two important formulas apply: Possession: S + 有 + O. Existence: Place + 有 + (Quantity) + Noun. The negation for both is 没有 (méiyǒu). 有 can also form a past-experience structure with V + 过 + 有, but that’s a more advanced pattern.
“有”可以表示拥有或存在。两个重要公式：拥有：主语 + 有 + 宾语。存在：处所 + 有 + （数量）+ 名词。两者的否定都用“没有”。“有”还能构成经历体，如 V+过+有，那是高级句型。
S + 有 + O Place + 有 + (Num+M) + N
Examples: 我有一本词典 (I have a dictionary). 书桌上有三本杂志 (There are three magazines on the desk). 我没有笔 (I don’t have a pen). 教室里没有学生 (There are no students in the classroom).
例句：我有一本词典。书桌上有三本杂志。我没有笔。教室里没有学生。
4. The ‘把’ Sentence | “把”字句定理
The 把 (bǎ) construction is used to emphasize that an action is done to a definite object, often changing its location or state. Formula: S + 把 + O + V + Complement/Other element. The verb cannot appear alone; it needs a result complement, a directional complement, or at least 了. Example: 我把作业做完了 (I finished the homework).
“把”字句用来强调对确指宾语实施某个动作，常常改变其位置或状态。公式：主语 + 把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 补语/其他成分。动词不能单独出现，需要有结果补语、趋向补语或至少加上“了”。例子：我把作业做完了。
S + 把 + O (definite) + V + Complement/了
More examples: 请把门关上 (Please close the door). 他把书放在桌子上 (He put the book on the table). The object must be specific; you cannot use 把 with an indefinite reference like ‘a book’ in Chinese unless specified.
更多例句：请把门关上。他把书放在桌子上。宾语必须是确指的，不能把“把”用在无定宾语上，比如不能说“我把一本书看完了”，除非指明是那一本。
5. The ‘被’ Sentence | “被”字句定理
The 被 (bèi) passive structure mirrors the English passive voice. Formula: Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + Verb + Complement. If the agent is unknown or obvious, you can omit it. The verb must be transitive and usually followed by a result complement or 了. Negation: 没有/没 is placed before 被.
“被”字被动结构类似于英语被动语态。公式：受事 + 被 (+施事) + 动词 + 补语。如果施事者未知或不言自明，可以省略。动词必须是及物的，且通常后跟结果补语或“了”。否定用“没有/没”，放在“被”前。
Receiver + 被 (+ Agent) + V + Complement/了
Example: 作业被（我）做完了 (The homework was finished (by me)). 窗户被风吹开了 (The window was blown open by the wind). In informal language, 给 or 叫 can replace 被, but 被 remains the standard pattern for SQA.
例句：作业被（我）做完了。窗户被风吹开了。在口语中，“给”“叫”可以替代“被”，但 SQA 考试推荐使用规范“被”字句。
6. Adjective Predicate Sentences | 形容词谓语句
In Chinese, adjectives can function as predicates without a linking verb. Formula: S + (很) + Adj. The word 很 (hěn) is often used as a filler, not necessarily meaning ‘very’. If you want to mean ‘very’, you use 非常 or 很 with stress. Negation uses 不: S + 不 + Adj. You can also add intensifiers like 真, 太, but note that 太…了 expresses ‘too’.
汉语中形容词可以直接作谓语，无需系动词。公式：主语 + （很）+ 形容词。“很”常用作缓冲词，不一定表示程度深。如果真想表达“非常”，可用“非常”或重读“很”。否定用“不”：主语 + 不 + 形容词。还可以加“真”“太”等程度副词，但“太…了”表示“过于”。
S + (很) + Adj S + 不 + Adj
Example: 这本书很好 (This book is good). 这本书不好 (This book is not good). 她非常聪明 (She is extremely smart). 这个菜太辣了 (This dish is too spicy).
例句：这本书很好。这本书不好。她非常聪明。这个菜太辣了。
7. Modifier Order: Attributive | 定语顺序公式
When multiple attributives modify a noun, they follow a strict order: Possessive/Demonstrative + Number + Measure Word + Adjective + Noun. This is often called the ‘Chinese adjective order formula’. Formula: 那 (that) + 三 (three) + 本 (classifier) + 新 (new) + 书 (book) → 那三本新书 (those three new books).
多个定语修饰名词时，需遵循严格的顺序：领属/指示词 + 数量 + 量词 + 形容词 + 名词。这常被称为“汉语定语顺序公式”。公式：那 + 三 + 本 + 新 + 书 → 那三本新书。
| Order | 1. Demonstrative/Possessive | 2. Number | 3. Measure Word | 4. Adjective | 5. Noun |
| Example | 那 | 三 | 本 | 新 | 书 |
Extended example: 我妈妈的那两条漂亮的裙子 (my mother’s those two beautiful skirts). All modifiers precede the head noun.
扩展例句：我妈妈的那两条漂亮的裙子。所有定语都位于中心名词之前。
8. Adverbial Placement Rules | 状语位置规则
Adverbials (time, place, manner, etc.) always come before the verb. The typical sequence is: S + Time + Place + Manner + Negative (if any) + Auxiliary + V + O. Never place adverbs at the end of a sentence like in English. This is a rigid theorem for Chinese word order.
状语（时间、地点、方式等）总是位于动词之前。典型顺序：主语 + 时间 + 地点 + 方式 + 否定（如有）+ 助动词 + 动词 + 宾语。永远不要把状语放在句末，这与英语截然不同。这是汉语语序的铁律。
S + Time + Place + Manner + (不/没) + V + O
Example: 他昨天在图书馆认真地看书 (He read books carefully in the library yesterday). Breakdown: 他 + 昨天 (time) + 在图书馆 (place) + 认真地 (manner) + 看 (V) + 书 (O). Incorrect: *他看书在图书馆 – wrong.
例句：他昨天在图书馆认真地看书。拆解顺序：他 + 昨天 + 在图书馆 + 认真地 + 看 + 书。错误说法：*他看书在图书馆。
9. Complement of Result | 结果补语公式
A result complement indicates the outcome of an action. Formula: V + Result (adj/verb). Common result complements: 完 (finish), 到 (reach/achieve), 见 (perceive), 好 (complete well), 对 (correct), 错 (wrong). In a 把 sentence, the structure becomes: 把 + O + V + Result + 了.
结果补语表示动作的结果。公式：动词 + 结果（形容词/动词）。常见结果补语：完、到、见、好、对、错。在“把”字句中，结构变为：把 + 宾语 + 动词 + 结果 + 了。
V + Result 把 + O + V + Result + 了
Examples: 看完 (finish reading), 找到 (find), 听清楚 (hear clearly), 做对 (do correctly). In sentences: 我写完了作业 (I finished writing homework). 他没找到钥匙 (He didn’t find the keys). 请把字写清楚 (Please write the characters clearly).
例句：看完，找到，听清楚，做对。句子：我写完了作业。他没找到钥匙。请把字写清楚。
10. Comparative Sentences using ‘比’ | “比”字比较句
To compare two things, use the 比 (bǐ) structure. Formula: A + 比 + B + Adj. To further specify the difference, add a quantity: A + 比 + B + Adj + Quantity. Negation uses 没有: A + 没有 + B + Adj. Also 不比 is possible but means ‘not necessarily more… than’. Example: 他比我高 (He is taller than me), 他比我高五厘米 (He is 5 cm taller).
比较两个事物，用“比”字结构。公式：A + 比 + B + 形容词。若需具体差异：A + 比 + B + 形容词 + 数量。否定用“没有”：A + 没有 + B + 形容词。“不比”也可用，但表示“并不比……更”，语气不同。例子：他比我高；他比我高五厘米。
A + 比 + B + Adj (+ Quantity) A + 没有 + B + Adj
More examples: 今天比昨天冷 (Today is colder than yesterday). 我比他来得早 (I came earlier than him – note the complement). The adverbial 早 is placed after the verb 来? Actually, in this case, the comparative is formed with a complement, not a simple adjective predicate. The simpler formula works for stative adjectives.
更多例句：今天比昨天冷。我比他来得早（注意“来得早”是比较的补语结构）。简单形容词适用于基础公式。
11. The ‘是…的’ Construction for Emphasis | “是……的”强调句
The 是…的 (shì…de) pattern emphasizes time, place, or manner of a past action. Formula: S + 是 + Time/Place/Manner + V + 的 (+ O). The object often appears between the verb and 的 or before 是. This construction is used when the action is known, and the focus is on when, where, or how it happened.
“是……的”结构强调过去动作的时间、地点或方式。公式：主语 + 是 + 时间/地点/方式 + 动词 + 的 (+宾语)。宾语常放在动词和“的”之间或“是”之前。当动作已知，焦点在何时、何地、如何发生时，用此结构。
S + 是 + Time/Place/Manner + V + 的 (+ O)
Example: 我是昨天去的北京 (It was yesterday that I went to Beijing). 他们是在学校认识的吗? (Was it at school that they met?). 她是坐火车来的 (She came by train). Negation: 不是…的.
例句：我是昨天去的北京。他们是在学校认识的吗？她是坐火车来的。否定：不是……的。
12. Question Formation Patterns | 疑问句公式
Chinese questions have several fixed formulas, none of which require subject-auxiliary inversion like English. The four main theorems are: (a) 吗 (ma) question: Statement + 吗? (b) V-not-V (alternative) question: V + 不/没 + V? (c) Question-word questions: replace the unknown with question words such as 什么, 哪儿, 谁, 几, 怎么, keeping the SVO order. (d) 呢 (ne) for ‘what about?’: Topic + 呢?
中文疑问句有多种固定公式，都不需要像英语那样的主谓倒装。四大定理：(a) 吗问句：陈述句 + 吗？(b) 正反问句（V不V）：动词 + 不/没 + 动词？(c) 特指问句：用疑问词（什么、哪儿、谁、几、怎么）替换未知部分，保持主谓宾顺序。(d) 呢问句：话题 + 呢？表示“怎么样？”
| Type | Formula | Example |
| 吗 question | Statement + 吗？ | 你是学生吗？ |
| V-not-V | V + 不/没 + V (+ O)? | 你认不认识他？/ 你有没有笔？ |
| Question-word | S + QW + V + O? (no inversion) | 你叫什么名字？/ 他在哪儿？ |
| 呢 question | 更多咨询请联系16621398022（同微信）
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