📚 WJEC Year 10 French Grammar Quick Reference | WJEC 10年级法语语法速查手册
Mastering the essential grammar rules is the key to success in your WJEC GCSE French course. This quick reference handbook brings together the tenses, pronouns, verb conjugations and sentence structures that every Year 10 learner must know. With clear explanations, example sentences and summary tables, you can revise confidently and build a solid foundation for speaking, writing, reading and listening assessments.
掌握核心语法规则是 WJEC GCSE 法语课程成功的关键。这本速查手册汇集了每位十年级学习者必须掌握的时态、代词、动词变位和句型结构。通过清晰的解释、例句和摘要表格,你可以自信复习,为口语、写作、阅读和听力评估打下坚实基础。
1. Present Tense: Regular Verb Conjugation | 现在时:规则动词变位
The present tense describes current actions, habits or general truths. Regular French verbs are grouped into -ER, -IR and -RE families. To conjugate, remove the infinitive ending and add the subject-specific endings shown below. Mastering these patterns gives you immediate access to hundreds of everyday verbs.
现在时用于描述当前动作、习惯或普遍真理。规则法语动词分为 -ER、-IR 和 -RE 三类。变位时去掉不定式词尾,加上下表中与主语对应的词尾。掌握这些模式后,你立刻就能使用数百个日常动词。
| Subject pronoun | -ER (parler) | -IR (finir) | -RE (vendre) |
|---|---|---|---|
| je | parle | finis | vends |
| tu | parles | finis | vends |
| il/elle/on | parle | finit | vend |
| nous | parlons | finissons | vendons |
| vous | parlez | finissez | vendez |
| ils/elles | parlent | finissent | vendent |
Example: ‘Je parle français avec mes amis.’ (I speak French with my friends.) To negate, place ‘ne … pas’ around the conjugated verb: ‘Je ne parle pas anglais.’
例如:「Je parle français avec mes amis.」(我和朋友们说法语。)否定时,将「ne … pas」放在变位动词两侧:「Je ne parle pas anglais.」(我不说英语。)
2. Key Irregular Present Tense Verbs | 必备现在时不规则动词
Some verbs do not follow regular patterns and must be memorised. The four most frequently used irregular verbs – être (to be), avoir (to have), aller (to go) and faire (to do/make) – appear in almost every topic. Learn these forms by heart, as they also act as auxiliary verbs and base forms for other tenses.
有些动词不遵循规则变化,必须熟记。最常用的四个不规则动词——être(是)、avoir(有)、aller(去)和 faire(做)——几乎出现在每个话题中。请牢记其变位,因为它们也充当助动词和其他时态的基础形式。
| Subject | être | avoir | aller | faire |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| je | suis | ai | vais | fais |
| tu | es | as | vas | fais |
| il/elle/on | est | a | va | fait |
| nous | sommes | avons | allons | faisons |
| vous | êtes | avez | allez | faites |
| ils/elles | sont | ont | vont | font |
Other important irregulars include pouvoir (je peux), vouloir (je veux) and devoir (je dois). Use them with an infinitive: ‘Je peux sortir ce soir.’ (I can go out this evening.)
其他重要不规则动词包括 pouvoir(我能,je peux)、vouloir(我想,je veux)和 devoir(我必须,je dois)。它们与不定式连用:「Je peux sortir ce soir.」(我今晚可以出去。)
3. The Perfect Tense (Passé Composé) with Avoir | 复合过去时(avoir作助动词)
The perfect tense is used to talk about completed actions in the past. For most verbs, form it with the present tense of ‘avoir’ plus the past participle. The choice of auxiliary is a core skill: remember that about 90% of verbs use avoir.
复合过去时用来谈论过去完成的动作。大多数动词用「avoir」的现在时加过去分词构成。选择助动词是一项核心技能:请记住大约90%的动词使用 avoir。
To form regular past participles: -ER verbs → -é (parler → parlé), -IR verbs → -i (finir → fini), -RE verbs → -u (vendre → vendu). Many common verbs have irregular past participles, such as: faire → fait, dire → dit, voir → vu, prendre → pris, écrire → écrit, boire → bu, lire → lu.
规则过去分词构成:-ER 动词 → -é(parler → parlé),-IR 动词 → -i(finir → fini),-RE 动词 → -u(vendre → vendu)。许多常用动词有不规则过去分词,例如:faire → fait,dire → dit,voir → vu,prendre → pris,écrire → écrit,boire → bu,lire → lu。
Example: ‘J’ai mangé une pizza.’ (I ate a pizza.) In the negative, put ‘ne … pas’ around the auxiliary: ‘Je n’ai pas fini mes devoirs.’ (I didn’t finish my homework.)
例句:「J’ai mangé une pizza.」(我吃了一个披萨。)否定时,将「ne … pas」放在助动词两侧:「Je n’ai pas fini mes devoirs.」(我没有完成作业。)
4. The Perfect Tense with Être | 复合过去时(être作助动词)
A small group of intransitive verbs use ‘être’ as their auxiliary in the perfect tense. The classic memory aid is ‘DR MRS VANDERTRAMP’. The past participle must agree in gender and number with the subject: add an -e for feminine, an -s for plural, and -es for feminine plural.
一小部分不及物动词在复合过去时中用「être」作助动词。经典的记忆口诀是「DR MRS VANDERTRAMP」。过去分词须与主语在性和数上配合:阴性加 -e,复数加 -s,阴性复数加 -es。
| Infinitive | Past participle | Example (elle) |
|---|---|---|
| aller (to go) | allé | elle est allée |
| venir (to come) | venu | elle est venue |
| arriver (to arrive) | arrivé | elle est arrivée |
| partir (to leave) | parti | elle est partie |
| sortir (to go out) | sorti | elle est sortie |
| monter (to go up) | monté | elle est montée |
Reflexive verbs also use être. Example: ‘Nous nous sommes levés tôt.’ (We got up early.) Recall that the past participle agrees with the direct object when it is placed before the verb.
反身动词也使用 être。例句:「Nous nous sommes levés tôt.」(我们起得早。)须记住,当直接宾语位于动词前时,过去分词须与之配合。
5. The Imperfect Tense (Imparfait) | 未完成过去时
The imperfect tense describes past habits, ongoing states, background scenes and repeated actions. It is often translated as ‘was doing’ or ‘used to do’. To form it, take the ‘nous’ form of the present tense, remove the -ons ending, and add the imperfect endings: -ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient.
未完成过去时描述过去的习惯、持续状态、背景场景和重复动作,常译为「正在做」或「过去常常做」。构成方法:取现在时 nous 的变位,去掉词尾 -ons,加上未完成过去时词尾:-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient。
The only verb with an irregular stem in the imperfect is être, which uses ‘ét-‘ as the base: j’étais, tu étais, il était, nous étions, vous étiez, ils étaient. This is essential for descriptions: ‘Quand j’étais petit, je jouais au parc.’ (When I was little, I used to play in the park.)
唯一在未完成过去时中词干不规则的动词是 être,它使用「ét-」作为词根:j’étais, tu étais, il était, nous étions, vous étiez, ils étaient。这对描述至关重要:「Quand j’étais petit, je jouais au parc.」(当我小时候,我常在公园玩耍。)
Note the difference: the imperfect sets the background, while the perfect tense interrupts with a completed action: ‘Il pleuvait quand je suis sorti.’ (It was raining when I went out.)
注意区别:未完成过去时提供背景,而复合过去时打断以一个完成的动作:「Il pleuvait quand je suis sorti.」(我出门时正在下雨。)
6. The Immediate Future (Futur Proche) | 最近将来时
The immediate future is used to say what is ‘going to happen’ soon or to express a firm intention. It is formed with the present tense of ‘aller’ plus an infinitive. This structure is easy to build and very useful in conversation.
最近将来时用来表达即将发生的事情或坚定的意图。其构成为「aller」的现在时加动词不定式。这个结构简单易学,在对话中非常实用。
Conjugation pattern: je vais + inf., tu vas + inf., il/elle/on va + inf., nous allons + inf., vous allez + inf., ils/elles vont + inf. Example: ‘Je vais regarder un film ce soir.’ (I am going to watch a film tonight.) For negation, place ‘ne … pas’ around the conjugated form of aller: ‘Je ne vais pas sortir.’ (I am not going out.)
变位模式:je vais + 不定式,tu vas + 不定式,il/elle/on va + 不定式,nous allons + 不定式,vous allez + 不定式,ils/elles vont + 不定式。例句:「Je vais regarder un film ce soir.」(我今晚打算看电影。)否定时将「ne … pas」放在 aller 的变位形式两侧:「Je ne vais pas sortir.」(我不打算出去。)
This tense works with all verbs and can be combined with reflexive verbs: ‘Elle va se coucher.’ (She is going to go to bed.)
该时态适用于所有动词,也可与反身动词结合:「Elle va se coucher.」(她准备睡觉。)
7. The Simple Future (Futur Simple) | 简单将来时
The simple future expresses future events, predictions or promises and is widely used in formal writing and speech. For regular -ER and -IR verbs, add the endings directly to the infinitive: -ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont. For -RE verbs, drop the final -e before adding endings: vendre → je vendrai.
简单将来时表达未来事件、预测或承诺,广泛用于正式写作和口语。对规则 -ER 和 -IR 动词,直接在不定式后加词尾:-ai, -as, -a, -ons, -ez, -ont。-RE 动词则先去掉词尾 e 再加词尾:vendre → je vendrai。
Many high-frequency verbs have irregular stems, but they use the same endings. Key irregular stems include: être → ser- (je serai), avoir → aur- (tu auras), aller → ir- (il ira), faire → fer- (nous ferons), pouvoir → pourr- (vous pourrez), vouloir → voudr- (je voudrai), devoir → devr- (ils devront), venir → viendr- (elle viendra), voir → verr- (on verra).
许多常用动词词干不规则,但使用相同词尾。重要不规则词干包括:être → ser-(je serai),avoir → aur-(tu auras),aller → ir-(il ira),faire → fer-(nous ferons),pouvoir → pourr-(vous pourrez),vouloir → voudr-(je voudrai),devoir → devr-(ils devront),venir → viendr-(elle viendra),voir → verr-(on verra)。
Example: ‘Nous arriverons demain matin.’ (We will arrive tomorrow morning.) Use the simple future after ‘quand’ when talking about future events: ‘Quand tu seras grand, tu comprendras.’ (When you are older, you will understand.)
例句:「Nous arriverons demain matin.」(我们将在明天早上抵达。)在谈论未来事件时,quand 后用简单将来时:「Quand tu seras grand, tu comprendras.」(等你长大了就会明白。)
8. The Conditional Mood | 条件式现在时
The conditional is used to express polite requests, hypothetical situations, or to say what ‘would’ happen. It is formed using the same irregular stems as the simple future, plus the imperfect endings (-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient). Treat it as a ‘future stem + imparfait ending’ formula.
条件式用于表达礼貌请求、假设情况或「会」如何。其构成与简单将来时相同的词干,加未完成过去时词尾(-ais, -ais, -ait, -ions, -iez, -aient)。可以把它看作「将来时词干 + 未完成过去时词尾」的公式。
Key examples: je voudrais (I would like), tu aimerais (you would like), il pourrait (he could), nous aurions (we would have), vous seriez (you would be), elles feraient (they would do). Politeness: ‘Je voudrais un café, s’il vous plaît.’ (I would like a coffee, please.)
关键范例:je voudrais(我想要),tu aimerais(你会喜欢),il pourrait(他能够),nous aurions(我们会有),vous seriez(你们会是),elles feraient(她们会做)。礼貌表达:「Je voudrais un café, s’il vous plaît.」(请给我一杯咖啡。)
In ‘si’ clauses, the conditional pairs with the imperfect to express a hypothesis: ‘Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais.’ (If I had money, I would travel.) Note the sequence: imperfect after ‘si’, conditional in the main clause.
在「si」引导的条件句中,条件式与未完成过去时搭配表示假设:「Si j’avais de l’argent, je voyagerais.」(如果我有钱,我会去旅行。)注意时态搭配:「si」后用未完成过去时,主句用条件式。
9. Reflexive Verbs: Key Patterns | 反身动词关键规律
Reflexive verbs describe actions done to oneself (e.g. to wash oneself, to get up). They are recognised by the reflexive pronoun ‘se’ before the infinitive. The reflexive pronouns match the subject: me, te, se, nous, vous, se. In the present tense, the pronoun is placed directly before the conjugated verb.
反身动词表示作用于自身的动作(如洗澡、起床)。它们的标志是不定式前面的反身代词「se」。反身代词须与主语一致:me, te, se, nous, vous, se。现在时中,代词直接置于变位动词前。
Example with ‘se laver’ (to wash): je me lave, tu te laves, il/elle/on se lave, nous nous lavons, vous vous lavez, ils/elles se lavent. Note that ‘nous nous’ and ‘vous vous’ can seem odd but are correct.
以「se laver」(洗)为例:je me lave,tu te laves,il/elle/on se lave,nous nous lavons,vous vous lavez,ils/elles se lavent。注意「nous nous」和「vous vous」看起来有点奇怪,但完全正确。
In the perfect tense, reflexive verbs use the auxiliary ‘
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