📚 Year 10 AQA Engineering: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Memorisation Guide | 十年级 AQA 工程：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering engineering vocabulary is the foundation for success in the AQA GCSE Engineering course. This guide presents key terms grouped by topic, with simple explanations and memory tricks to help Year 10 students build confidence quickly.
掌握工程词汇是 AQA GCSE 工程课程成功的基础。本指南按主题分组呈现关键术语，提供简单解释和记忆技巧，帮助十年级学生快速建立信心。
1. Materials and Properties | 材料与性能
Understanding material properties helps engineers select the right material for a given application. Key terms include strength, ductility, and hardness.
理解材料性能有助于工程师为特定应用选择合适的材料。关键术语包括强度、延展性和硬度。
Tensile strength: the maximum stress a material can withstand while being stretched before breaking. (Memory: think ‘tension’).
抗拉强度：材料在被拉伸断裂前能承受的最大应力。（记忆：联想“拉伸”）。
Compressive strength: ability to withstand crushing or squeezing forces. (Memory: ‘compress’ means squeeze).
抗压强度：承受压缩或挤压力的能力。（记忆：compress 意为挤压）。
Hardness: resistance to indentation, scratching, or wear.
硬度：抵抗压痕、划痕或磨损的能力。
Toughness: ability to absorb energy and deform plastically without fracturing.
韧性：吸收能量并发生塑性变形而不断裂的能力。
Ductility: ability to be drawn into a thin wire without breaking.
延展性：能被拉成细丝而不折断的能力。
Malleability: ability to be hammered or rolled into thin sheets.
展性：能被锤击或轧制成薄片的能力。
Elasticity: ability to return to original shape after the deforming force is removed.
弹性：撤去变形力后恢复原状的能力。
Plasticity: ability to undergo permanent deformation without breaking.
塑性：发生永久变形而不破坏的能力。
Ferrous metals: contain iron; most are magnetic (e.g., steel, cast iron).
黑色金属：含铁；大多数有磁性（如钢、铸铁）。
Non-ferrous metals: do not contain iron; not magnetic (e.g., aluminium, copper).
有色金属：不含铁；无磁性（如铝、铜）。
Alloy: a mixture of two or more elements, at least one being a metal.
合金：两种或多种元素的混合物，其中至少一种为金属。
Composite: material made from two or more distinct materials combined to achieve superior properties (e.g., carbon fibre reinforced polymer).
复合材料：由两种或多种不同材料组合以获得更优性能的材料（如碳纤维增强聚合物）。
Ceramic: inorganic, non-metallic solid; hard, brittle, with high melting point.
陶瓷：无机非金属固体；硬而脆，熔点高。
Polymer: material consisting of long-chain molecules; includes thermoplastics (re-mouldable) and thermosets (cannot be remoulded).
聚合物：由长链分子组成的材料；包括热塑性（可重塑）和热固性（不可重塑）塑料。
2. Manufacturing Processes | 制造工艺
Manufacturing processes transform raw materials into finished products. Below are essential terms used in the AQA Engineering course.
制造工艺将原材料转变为成品。以下是 AQA 工程课程中使用的基本术语。
Casting: pouring molten metal into a mould and allowing it to solidify.
铸造：将熔融金属倒入模具中并使其凝固。
Forging: shaping metal using localized compressive forces, often when hot.
锻造：使用局部压缩力使金属成形，通常在加热状态下进行。
Extrusion: pushing material through a shaped die to create long continuous profiles.
挤压：将材料推过成形模具以制造长条连续型材。
Milling: a machining process where a rotating cutter removes material from a stationary workpiece.
铣削：旋转刀具从固定工件上切除材料的加工方法。
Turning: a machining process where the workpiece rotates and a stationary cutting tool removes material.
车削：工件旋转，固定刀具切除材料的加工方法。
Drilling: creating round holes using a rotating drill bit.
钻孔：使用旋转钻头加工圆孔。
Welding: joining materials by melting the workpieces and adding a filler material to form a strong joint.
焊接：通过熔化工件并添加填充材料形成牢固接头的连接方法。
Soldering: joining metals using a filler metal (solder) with a lower melting point, commonly used in electronics.
软钎焊：使用熔点较低的填充金属（焊料）连接金属，常用于电子领域。
Additive manufacturing (3D printing): building parts layer by layer from a digital model.
增材制造（3D 打印）：根据数字模型逐层构建零件。
Forming: shaping sheet metal by bending, stretching, or pressing.
成形：通过弯曲、拉伸或冲压使金属薄板成形。
Shearing: cutting sheet metal using a shear force, typically with a punch and die.
剪切：利用剪切力切割金属薄板，通常使用冲头和凹模。
3. Engineering Drawing & CAD | 工程制图与计算机辅助设计
Clear communication of design ideas relies on standard drawing conventions and digital tools.
设计意图的清晰传达依赖于标准制图规范和数字工具。
Orthographic projection: a method of representing a 3D object using 2D views (typically front, top, and side).
正投影：使用二维视图（通常为主视图、俯视图和侧视图）表示三维物体的方法。
Isometric drawing: a 3D pictorial representation where the three axes are drawn at 30° to the horizontal.
等轴测图：三条轴线与水平线成 30° 的三维图形表示法。
Dimensioning: adding precise measurements and notes to a technical drawing.
尺寸标注：在技术图纸上添加精确测量数据和注释。
Tolerance: the permissible variation from a specified dimension.
公差：允许偏离规定尺寸的变动量。
CAD (Computer-Aided Design): software used to create precise 2D drawings and 3D models.
CAD（计算机辅助设计）：用于创建精确二维图纸和三维模型的软件。
CAM (Computer-Aided Manufacturing): using software to control machine tools during production.
CAM（计算机辅助制造）：在生产过程中使用软件控制机床。
CNC (Computer Numerical Control): a system where machine tools are operated by programmed commands encoded on a digital medium.
CNC（计算机数控）：通过数字介质编码的程序指令操作机床的系统。
BOM (Bill of Materials): a comprehensive list of all raw materials, components, and sub-assemblies needed to manufacture a product.
BOM（物料清单）：制造产品所需的所有原材料、零部件和子装配件的详细列表。
4. Mechanisms and Motion | 机构与运动
Understanding mechanisms helps engineers design systems that change the magnitude and direction of forces and motion.
理解机构有助于工程师设计改变力与运动大小和方向的系统。
Lever: a rigid bar that pivots around a fixed point (fulcrum) to amplify an input force.
杠杆：绕固定点（支点）转动的刚性杆，用于放大输入力。
Linkage: an assembly of links and joints used to transmit and transform motion.
连杆机构：由连杆和铰链组成的组件，用于传递和转换运动。
Gear: a toothed wheel that meshes with another toothed part to transmit torque and change speed or direction.
齿轮：与另一齿形零件啮合以传递扭矩并改变转速或方向的带齿轮子。
Pulley: a wheel with a grooved rim used to support movement and change direction of a belt or rope.
滑轮：带有槽缘的轮子，用于支撑并改变传送带或绳索的运动方向。
Belt drive: a system that transmits power between shafts using a flexible belt and pulleys.
带传动：使用柔性传动带和带轮在轴间传递动力的系统。
Chain drive: a method of transmitting mechanical power using a chain that meshes with sprockets.
链传动：使用链条与链轮啮合传递机械动力的方法。
Cam: a rotating or sliding piece that imparts a predetermined motion to a follower.
凸轮：一个旋转或滑动的零件，为从动件传递预定运动。
Follower: a component that moves in contact with the cam profile.
从动件：与凸轮轮廓接触并随之运动的部件。
Rotary motion: circular movement around an axis.
旋转运动：绕轴线进行的圆周运动。
Linear motion: movement in a straight line.
直线运动：沿直线的运动。
Oscillating motion: back-and-forth movement in a circular arc.
摆动：沿圆弧进行的往复运动。
Reciprocating motion: back-and-forth movement in a straight line.
往复运动：沿直线的来回运动。
5. Electronics and Circuits | 电子与电路
Electronic circuits are the backbone of modern control and communication systems. These terms are frequently tested.
电子电路是现代控制和通信系统的核心。以下术语经常作为考点。
Voltage (V): the electrical potential difference that drives current through a circuit, measured in volts (V).
电压（V）：驱动电流通过电路的电位差，单位是伏特（V）。
Current (I): the rate of flow of electric charge, measured in amperes (A).
电流（I）：电荷的流动速率，单位是安培（A）。
Resistance (R): the opposition to the flow of current, measured in ohms (Ω).
电阻（R）：对电流流动的阻碍，单位是欧姆（Ω）。
Ohm’s Law: the fundamental relationship between voltage, current, and resistance.
欧姆定律：电压、电流和电阻之间的基本关系。
V = I × R
Series circuit: components connected end-to-end so the same current flows through all of them.
串联电路：元件首尾相连，流过同一电流。
Parallel circuit: components connected across common points so the voltage across each branch is the same.
并联电路：元件跨接在公共点之间，各支路电压相同。
PCB (Printed Circuit Board): a board that mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic components using conductive tracks.
印刷电路板（PCB）：利用导电线路机械支撑并电气连接电子元件的基板。
Resistor: a passive component that limits or regulates current flow.
电阻器：限制或调节电流的无源元件。
Capacitor: a component that stores electrical energy in an electric field.
电容器：以电场形式储存电能的元件。
Diode: a semiconductor device that allows current to flow in only one direction.
二极管：只允许电流单向导通的半导体器件。
LED (Light Emitting Diode): a diode that emits light when forward-biased.
发光二极管（LED）：正向偏置时发光的二极管。
Transistor: a semiconductor device used to amplify or switch electronic signals.
晶体管：用于放大或开关电子信号的半导体器件。
Integrated Circuit (IC): a microchip containing many interconnected transistors and other components on a single silicon substrate.
集成电路（IC）：在单块硅基底上集成众多互连晶体管和其他元件的微型芯片。
6. Forces and Structures | 力与结构
Engineers must understand how forces affect structures to ensure they are safe and efficient. Familiarise yourself with these core terms.
工程师必须理解力如何影响结构，以确保其安全高效。请熟记以下核心术语。
Force: a push or pull acting on an object, measured in newtons (N).
力：作用在物体上的推力或拉力，单位是牛顿（N）。
Load: the force applied to a structure or component.
载荷：施加在结构或零件上的力。
Stress (σ): the internal force per unit area within a material.
应力（σ）：材料内部单位面积上的内力。
σ = F / A
Strain (ε): the extension per unit original length, a measure of deformation.
应变（ε）：单位原始长度的伸长量，衡量变形的程度。
ε = ΔL / L₀
Young’s Modulus (E): a measure of material stiffness, defined as the ratio of stress to strain in the elastic region.
杨氏模量（E）：材料刚度的量度，定义为弹性区域内应力与应变的比值。
E = σ / ε
Beam: a horizontal structural member that resists loads applied perpendicular to its axis.
梁：承受垂直于轴线载荷的水平结构构件。
Column: a vertical structural member designed to carry compressive loads.
柱：设计用于承受压缩载荷的竖直结构构件。
Truss: a triangulated framework of members that distributes loads efficiently.
桁架：由杆件组成的三角形框架，能高效分布载荷。
Frame: a structure built from connected members, which may include beams and columns.
框架：由相连杆件构成的结构，可包含梁和柱。
Bending: a deformation caused by a moment (bending moment) that curves a structural member.
弯曲：由弯矩引起的变形，使结构件弯曲。Published by TutorHao | Year 10 工程 Revision Series | aleveler.com
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