📚 Year 10 AQA History: Vocabulary & Terminology Quick Reference Guide | AQA历史词汇术语速记指南
Mastering key historical terms is essential for success in Year 10 AQA History. This guide groups essential vocabulary by theme, providing clear English definitions immediately followed by Chinese translations. Use these to boost your source analysis, essay writing, and revision for topics like ‘America, 1920–1973’, ‘Conflict and Tension, 1918–1939’, or ‘Health and the People’.
掌握关键历史术语对于 Year 10 AQA 历史取得好成绩至关重要。本指南按主题归类核心词汇，提供清晰的英文定义并紧随中文翻译。你可以借助这些词汇提升史料分析、论文写作，并用于‘美国 1920–1973’、‘冲突与紧张 1918–1939’或‘健康与民众’等课题的复习。
1. Political Systems and Ideologies | 政治制度与意识形态
Democracy: A system of government where supreme power is vested in the people, exercised either directly or through elected representatives, typically with free and fair elections.
民主：最高权力属于人民的政府制度，通过直接或选举代表行使权力，通常伴有自由公正的选举。
Dictatorship: A form of government in which a single ruler or small group holds absolute authority, often suppressing opposition and eliminating constitutional checks.
独裁政体：单个统治者或小团体拥有绝对权力的政府形式，通常压制反对派并消除宪法制约。
Communism: A political and economic ideology aiming for a classless society where all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.
共产主义：旨在建立无阶级社会的政治经济意识形态，所有财产公有，每个人按能力劳动并按需分配。
Capitalism: An economic and political system in which trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
资本主义：贸易和工业由私人所有者控制以盈利的经济政治制度，而非由国家控制。
Fascism: A far-right, authoritarian ideology characterised by dictatorial leadership, forcible suppression of opposition, and strong regimentation of society and the economy, as seen in Mussolini’s Italy.
法西斯主义：极右翼专制意识形态，以独裁领导、强力镇压反对派及对社会与经济严格管制为特征，如墨索里尼的意大利。
2. Economic Terms | 经济术语
Boom: A period of rapid economic growth, high employment, and rising consumer spending, exemplified by the USA in the 1920s.
繁荣：经济快速增长、高就业率和消费支出上升的时期，典型如 20 世纪 20 年代的美国。
Bust: A sharp economic downturn marked by falling output, rising unemployment, and reduced demand, such as the Great Depression after 1929.
萧条：产出下降、失业上升和需求减少的急剧经济衰退，例如 1929 年后的经济大萧条。
Tariff: A tax imposed on imported goods, often used to protect domestic industries; the Fordney–McCumber Tariff of 1922 raised US duties to high levels.
关税：对进口商品征收的税，常用来保护国内产业；1922 年美国《福尼—麦坎伯关税法》将税率提升至高水位。
Laissez-faire: An economic policy of minimal government interference in business and markets, a dominant idea in 1920s America before the Depression.
自由放任：政府对企业和市场最少干预的经济政策，是 20 世纪 20 年代经济大萧条前美国的主流思想。
Inflation: A general increase in prices and fall in the purchasing value of money; hyperinflation in Germany in 1923 saw the mark become virtually worthless.
通货膨胀：物价普遍上涨、货币购买力下降；1923 年德国恶性通货膨胀使得马克几近一文不值。
3. War and Conflict | 战争与冲突
Armistice: A formal agreement between warring parties to stop fighting, though not necessarily a final peace treaty; the Armistice of 11 November 1918 ended fighting on the Western Front.
停战协定：交战国之间正式达成的停止战斗协议，但不一定是最终和约；1918 年 11 月 11 日的停战协定结束了西线战事。
Reparations: Compensation payments made by a defeated nation for war damage, most famously the £6.6 billion imposed on Germany by the Treaty of Versailles.
赔款：战败国为战争损失支付的补偿，最著名的是《凡尔赛条约》强加给德国的 66 亿英镑赔款。
Conscription: Compulsory enlistment for state military service, introduced by many countries during the First World War to meet manpower demands.
征兵制：国家强制征召服兵役，第一次世界大战期间许多国家为满足人力需求而推行。
Blitzkrieg: ‘Lightning war’ — a German military tactic using rapid, coordinated attacks by tanks, infantry, and aircraft to overwhelm enemies swiftly.
闪电战：德国的一种军事战术，通过坦克、步兵和飞机协同快速突击，迅速压垮敌人。
Censorship: The suppression or control of information, letters, and news by authorities during wartime to maintain morale and secrecy.
审查制度：战时当局为了维持士气和保密而压制或管控信息、信件和新闻报道的行为。
4. Social and Cultural Movements | 社会与文化运动
Prohibition: The legal ban on the production, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, enforced in the USA from 1920 to 1933 under the 18th Amendment.
禁酒令：法律禁止酒精饮料的生产、销售和运输，根据美国宪法第十八修正案于 1920 至 1933 年实行。
Suffrage: The right to vote in political elections; the women’s suffrage movement fought for decades and achieved partial success with the 1918 Representation of the People Act in Britain.
选举权：在政治选举中投票的权利；女性选举权运动奋斗数十年，英国在 1918 年《人民代表法》中取得部分成功。
Jazz Age: A cultural period in the 1920s marked by the popularity of jazz music, new dances, and a sense of liberation, especially in urban America.
爵士乐时代：20 世纪 20 年代的文化时期，以爵士乐流行、新式舞蹈和解放感为标志，尤其是在美国城市地区。
Flapper: A fashionable young woman in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms by wearing short skirts, bobbing her hair, and openly enjoying nightlife.
摩登女郎：20 世纪 20 年代挑战传统的时髦年轻女性，穿着短裙、剪短头发并公开享受夜生活。
Great Migration: The large-scale movement of African Americans from the rural South to industrial cities in the North and Midwest, seeking jobs and escaping segregation, intensifying after 1914.
大迁徙：非裔美国人大规模从南方农村迁往北方和中西部工业城市，寻求工作机会并逃避种族隔离，1914 年后加剧。
5. International Relations | 国际关系
League of Nations: An international organisation founded in 1920 to promote peace and cooperation, but weakened by the absence of key powers like the USA and by its inability to enforce decisions.
国际联盟：1920 年创立的旨在促进和平与合作的国际组织，但因美国等大国缺席以及无力执行决策而削弱。
Appeasement: The policy of conceding to an aggressor’s demands to avoid conflict, famously pursued by Britain and France towards Hitler before the Second World War.
绥靖政策：为避免冲突而对侵略者让步的政策，二战前英法对希特勒采取此策最为典型。
Treaty of Versailles: The 1919 peace settlement that officially ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers, imposing territorial losses, disarmament, and the war guilt clause on Germany.
《凡尔赛条约》：1919 年正式结束德国与协约国战争状态的和平条约，迫使德国接受领土损失、裁军和战争罪责条款。
Self-determination: The principle that nations have the right to freely choose their own sovereignty and political status, promoted by Woodrow Wilson after the First World War.
民族自决：各民族有权自由选择主权与政治地位的原则，一战后由伍德罗·威尔逊倡导。
Isolationism: A national policy of avoiding political or economic entanglements with other countries, a dominant stance in the US after the rejection of the League of Nations.
孤立主义：避免与他国产生政治或经济纠缠的国家政策，美国在拒绝加入国际联盟后此立场占据主导。
6. Key Events and Treaties | 关键事件与条约
Wall Street Crash: The catastrophic collapse of the US stock market in October 1929, triggering the Great Depression worldwide.
华尔街崩盘：1929 年 10 月美国股市灾难性暴跌，触发了全球性经济大萧条。
New Deal: President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s series of programmes and reforms between 1933 and 1939 designed to provide relief, recovery, and reform during the Great Depression.
新政：富兰克林·罗斯福总统在 1933 至 1939 年间推出的一系列方案与改革，旨在经济大萧条期间提供救济、复苏与改革。
Dawes Plan (1924): An agreement that restructured Germany’s reparations payments and provided US loans to stabilise its economy, temporarily easing the European crisis.
道威斯计划（1924 年）：重组德国赔款支付并提供美国贷款以稳定其经济的协议，暂时缓解了欧洲危机。
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928): An international agreement in which signatory states promised not to use war as a means of resolving disputes, ultimately lacking enforcement power.
《凯洛格—白里安公约》（1928 年）：签约国承诺不以战争作为解决争端手段的国际协议，但最终缺乏执行效力。
Munich Agreement (1938): A settlement permitting Nazi Germany to annex the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia, often cited as the peak of appeasement.
《慕尼黑协定》（1938 年）：允许纳粹德国吞并捷克斯洛伐克苏台德区的协议，常被视为绥靖政策的顶峰。
7. Historical Figures and Groups | 历史人物与团体
Suffragettes: Militant campaigners for women’s voting rights in early 20th-century Britain, led by Emmeline Pankhurst, using tactics like hunger strikes and window smashing.
妇女参政权论者：20 世纪初英国激进的女性选举权倡导者，由艾米琳·潘克斯特领导，采用绝食、砸窗等策略。
Ku Klux Klan: A white supremacist hate group that revived in the 1920s USA, targeting African Americans, immigrants, Catholics, and Jews through intimidation and violence.
三K党：白人至上主义的仇恨团体，20 世纪 20 年代在美国再度兴起，用恐吓和暴力手段攻击非裔美国人、移民、天主教徒和犹太人。
Henry Ford: American industrialist who revolutionised car manufacturing with the moving assembly line, making automobiles affordable through mass production of the Model T.
亨利·福特：美国工业家，以流动装配线彻底改变了汽车制造，通过大规模生产 T 型车让汽车变得平价。
Lloyd George: British Prime Minister during the latter part of the First World War and a key figure at the Paris Peace Conference, aiming to balance punishing Germany with rebuilding trade.
劳合·乔治：一战后期英国首相，巴黎和会关键人物，试图在惩罚德国与重建贸易之间取得平衡。
Franklin D. Roosevelt: US President from 1933 to 1945 who implemented the New Deal and led the country through most of the Depression and World War Two.
富兰克林·D·罗斯福：1933 至 1945 年任美国总统，实施新政，领导国家度过了大部分经济大萧条及二战时期。
8. Legal and Government Terms | 法律与政府术语
Amendment: A formal change or addition to a constitution or law; the 19th Amendment (1920) gave American women the vote.
修正案：对宪法或法律的正式修改或补充；美国第十九修正案（1920 年）赋予女性投票权。
Mandate: A territory administered by another nation under the League of Nations system after the First World War, supposedly guided towards independence.
委任统治地：一战后根据国际联盟体系由另一国家管理的领土，名义上被引导走向独立。
Coalition government: A government formed by multiple political parties cooperating when no single party gains an overall majority, often used in Britain during crises.
联合政府：没有单一政党获得绝对多数时由多个政党合作组建的政府，英国常在危机时期采用。
Veto: The power to unilaterally stop an official action, especially the permanent members’ right in the League of Nations Council to block decisions.
否决权：单方面阻止一项官方行动的权力，尤指国际联盟理事会常任理事国封锁决议的权利。
Referendum: A general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.
全民公投：选民就交付给他们直接决定的某个政治问题进行的一次普遍投票。
9. Causal and Consequential Language | 因果与影响用语
Long-term cause: A factor that gradually builds up over years or decades and helps explain why an event occurred, such as the Alliance System contributing to the First World War.
长远起因：历经多年甚至数十年逐步累积，有助于解释某个事件发生原因的因素，如联盟体系导致一战。
Trigger cause: The immediate event that sets off a larger conflict or change, like the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914.
导火索：引发更大冲突或变化的直接事件，如 1914 年弗朗茨·斐迪南大公被刺事件。
Significance: The importance or impact of a historical event or development, judged by how deeply people’s lives were affected and for how long.
历史意义：历史事件或发展的重要性或影响，根据对人们生活影响的深度和持续时长来判断。
Consequence: A result or effect of an action or event; for example, a major consequence of Prohibition was the rise of organised crime.
后果：某一行动或事件的结果或效应；例如，禁酒令的一个主要后果是有组织犯罪的兴起。
Tension: A state of latent hostility or strained relations between nations, often used to describe the atmosphere preceding both world wars.
紧张局势：国家间潜在敌意或关系紧绷的状态，常用来描述两次大战前的氛围。
10. Exam Command Words and Technique | 考试指令词与技巧
Describe: Give a detailed account of features or events; you should paint a picture using precise historical details without necessarily explaining causes.
描述：详细述说特征或事件；应该用精确的历史细节刻画图像，无需解释原因。
Explain: Set out causes, reasons, or effects to show how and why something happened, often requiring linking events to consequences.
解释：列出原因、理由或影响，展示事件如何及为何发生，常常需要将事件与后果联系起来。
Analyse: Break down a topic into components and examine their relationships, weighing up different factors to form a judgement.
分析：将主题拆解成部分并审视其间关系，权衡不同因素以形成判断。
How useful: Evaluate a source by considering its content, the author’s perspective, and the historical context, judging reliability and typicality, not just surface accuracy.
评估有用性：通过考量来源内容、作者视角和历史背景，评判可靠性与典型性，而不仅是表面准确性。
Interpretation: A constructed account of the past based on evidence, but shaped by the historian’s own perspective, purpose, and available sources. Show you can identify differing interpretations and explain why they exist.
历史解释：基于证据但受史学家个人视角、目的和可用资料影响的对过去的建构性叙述。要能指出不同解释并解释其成因。
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