📚 Year 10 CAIE Chemistry: Quick Memorization Guide for Vocabulary Terms | Year 10 CAIE 化学：词汇术语速记指南
Mastering chemistry requires more than just equations; it demands a confident command of the subject’s rich vocabulary. This guide organises the most important CAIE Year 10 chemistry terms into clear thematic sections, pairing English definitions with Chinese translations and adding memorable tricks. Use these bilingual explanations to accelerate your revision and speak the language of chemistry fluently.
掌握化学不仅需要记住方程式，还要求你对这门学科丰富的词汇有自信的掌握。本指南将最重要的 CAIE Year 10 化学术语按主题清晰分类，英语定义与中文译文配对，并加入难忘的记忆技巧。借助这些双语解释，你可以加快复习速度，流畅地讲好化学的语言。
1. Atomic Structure Terms | 原子结构术语
Everything begins with the subatomic trio: proton, neutron and electron. The proton carries a positive charge and sits in the nucleus.
一切始于亚原子三剑客：质子、中子和电子。质子带正电荷，位于原子核中。
The neutron is neutral and also found in the nucleus, contributing mass but no charge.
中子不带电，也位于原子核中，它贡献质量但不带电荷。
The electron is a tiny, negatively charged particle whizzing around the nucleus in shells.
电子是极小的带负电粒子，在核外电子层中高速运动。
| English Term | 中文术语 | Memory Aid |
|---|---|---|
| Atomic number (Z) | 原子序数 | = number of protons (the ‘identity’ of the element). |
| Mass number (A) | 质量数 | = protons + neutrons. Think ‘Massive sum’. |
| Isotope | 同位素 | Same Z, different A. ‘Isotopes – identical protons, unlike neutrons.’ |
| Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) | 相对原子质量 | Weighted average of isotopes on the C-12 scale. |
Visualise the atom as a miniature solar system – the nucleus is the sun and electrons are planets in fixed orbits (shells). Isotopes are like twins with different weights.
把原子想象成一个微型太阳系——原子核是太阳，电子是固定轨道上的行星（电子层）。同位素就像体重不同的双胞胎。
2. The Periodic Table & Classification | 元素周期表与分类
The periodic table is your map. A vertical column is called a group; elements in the same group have the same number of outer-shell electrons and similar chemical properties.
周期表是你的地图。纵列称为族；同一族的元素拥有相同的最外层电子数，化学性质相似。
A horizontal row is called a period. As you move across a period, the atomic number increases by one and the metallic character decreases.
横行称为周期。从左到右移动，原子序数逐一增加，金属性逐渐减弱。
Metals are on the left (shiny, conductive, malleable), non-metals on the right (often brittle, poor conductors), and metalloids form a staircase dividing line.
金属在左边（有光泽、导电、有延展性），非金属在右边（通常脆、导电性差），准金属形成一条阶梯状分界线。
| Key Groups | 关键词组 | Rapid Recall |
|---|---|---|
| Group 1: Alkali metals | 第1族：碱金属 | Li, Na, K – ‘Little Naughty Kids’ (reactive, soft). |
| Group 7: Halogens | 第7族：卤素 | F, Cl, Br, I – ‘Fabulous Clean Bright Iodine’ (diatomic non-metals). |
| Group 8 (0): Noble gases | 第8族(0族)：稀有气体 | He, Ne, Ar – ‘Happy Noble Artists’ (full outer shell, unreactive). |
To remember Period 2 elements: ‘Little Bertha Bought Carbon Noodles On Friday Night’ – Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne.
记忆第2周期元素：“李伯伯 博饼 探闹 服奶” – Li, Be, B, C, N, O, F, Ne（中文谐音联想）。
3. Chemical Bonding Basics | 化学键基础
Ionic bonding occurs between a metal and a non-metal. Metals lose electrons to form positive ions (cations), while non-metals gain electrons to form negative ions (anions).
离子键发生在金属和非金属之间。金属失去电子形成正离子（阳离子），非金属获得电子形成负离子（阴离子）。
Remember: CATions are PAWsitive (CAT→PAW). Anions are negative, like adding an ‘n’ for negative.
记住：阳离子（cation）中有“cat”，猫爪（paw）是正的；阴离子（anion）首字母“a”可以联想成“黯然”带负电。
Covalent bonding happens when non-metal atoms share pairs of electrons, forming molecules. A single bond shares one pair, a double bond shares two pairs.
共价键发生在非金属原子之间，它们共享电子对，形成分子。单键共享一对，双键共享两对。
Metallic bonding is the attraction between a lattice of positive metal ions and a sea of delocalised electrons. This explains why metals conduct electricity.
金属键是正金属离子的晶格与离域电子海洋之间的吸引力。这解释了金属为什么能导电。
| Bond Type | 键类型 | Visual Mnemonic |
|---|---|---|
| Ionic | 离子键 | Electron transfer – ‘Give and take’. |
| Covalent | 共价键 | Electron sharing – ‘Co-operate’. |
| Metallic | 金属键 | Positive ions in a sea of electrons – ‘A ball pit of charges’. |
When drawing dot-and-cross diagrams, always show the outer electrons only. Use different symbols (e.g., dots and crosses) for different elements.
画电子式（点叉图）时，只显示最外层电子。用不同符号（如点和叉）代表不同元素。
4. Writing Chemical Equations | 书写化学方程式
A word equation uses the names of reactants and products: ‘magnesium + oxygen → magnesium oxide’.
文字表达式使用反应物和生成物的名称：“镁 + 氧气 → 氧化镁”。
A symbol equation shows chemical formulas and must be balanced to obey the law of conservation of mass: 2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO.
符号方程式使用化学式，并且必须配平以遵循质量守恒定律：2Mg + O₂ → 2MgO。
State symbols are added in brackets: (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, (g) for gas, and (aq) for aqueous (dissolved in water).
状态符号写在括号中：(s) 固体，(l) 液体，(g) 气体，(aq) 水溶液。
To balance equations, first write the formulas, then count atoms of each element on both sides, and adjust coefficients – never change subscripts.
配平方程式时，先写下化学式，然后统计两边各元素的原子数，调整系数——绝对不能改下标。
Reactants → Products (mass of reactants = mass of products)
反应物 → 生成物（反应物总质量 = 生成物总质量）
A common error is forgetting diatomic molecules: H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂. Memorise the ‘HONClBrIF’ twins – Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Chlorine Bromine Iodine Fluorine, each comes as a pair.
常见错误是忘记双原子分子：H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂。记住“HONClBrIF”双胞胎——氢、氧、氮、氯、溴、碘、氟每个都是成对出现。
5. Acids, Bases and Salts | 酸、碱和盐
An acid is a substance that releases hydrogen ions (H⁺) in water. Common lab acids are hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) and nitric acid (HNO₃).
酸是在水中释放氢离子（H⁺）的物质。实验室常见酸有盐酸（HCl）、硫酸（H₂SO₄）和硝酸（HNO₃）。
A base is a substance that neutralises an acid; an alkali is a soluble base that produces hydroxide ions (OH⁻) in water. Examples: sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH).
碱是能中和酸的物质；可溶性碱称为碱（alkali），它在水中产生氢氧根离子（OH⁻）。例子：氢氧化钠（NaOH）、氢氧化钾（KOH）。
Neutralisation is a reaction between an acid and a base: H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l). A salt and water are formed.
中和反应是酸和碱之间的反应：H⁺(aq) + OH⁻(aq) → H₂O(l)。生成盐和水。
Indicators, like litmus and universal indicator, change colour to show pH. Remember: pH less than 7 is acidic, pH 7 is neutral, pH greater than 7 is alkaline.
指示剂，如石蕊和通用指示剂，通过变色显示pH。记住：pH小于7为酸性，等于7中性，大于7碱性。
Salt naming: acid + metal → salt + hydrogen; hydrochloric acid produces chlorides, sulfuric acid produces sulfates, nitric acid produces nitrates.
盐的命名：酸 + 金属 → 盐 + 氢气；盐酸产生氯化物，硫酸产生硫酸盐，硝酸产生硝酸盐。
| Acid | 酸 | Salt suffix |
|---|---|---|
| Hydrochloric acid | 盐酸 | -chloride |
| Sulfuric acid | 硫酸 | -sulfate |
| Nitric acid | 硝酸 | -nitrate |
Think ‘acid on metal, hydrogen gas pops’ – a squeaky pop test confirms hydrogen.
联想“酸加金属，氢气会爆破”——用爆鸣声测试法可确认氢气。
6. Moles and Stoichiometry | 摩尔与化学计量
The mole is the chemist’s counting unit. One mole contains exactly 6.02 × 10²³ particles (Avogadro’s number).
摩尔是化学家的计数单位。1摩尔恰好包含6.02×10²³个粒子（阿伏伽德罗常数）。
Molar mass (M) is the mass of one mole of a substance, expressed in g·mol⁻¹. Relative atomic mass (Aᵣ) and relative formula mass (Mᵣ) are numerical equivalents.
摩尔质量（M）是1摩尔物质的质量，单位为g·mol⁻¹。相对原子质量（Aᵣ）和相对式量（Mᵣ）在数值上相等。
n = m ÷ M
物质的量(n) = 质量(m) ÷ 摩尔质量(M)
For gases at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.), one mole occupies 24 dm³. So volume (dm³) = n × 24.
对于常温常压下的气体，1摩尔体积为24 dm³。因此体积(dm³) = n × 24。
Empirical formula shows the simplest whole‑number ratio of atoms in a compound; molecular formula shows the actual number of atoms. To find the empirical formula, convert masses to moles and simplify the ratio.
实验式（最简式）表示化合物中原子最简整数比；分子式表示实际原子数。求实验式时，将质量换算为摩尔，再简化比例。
A useful rhyme: ‘Moles, mass, Mr – take mass divide by Mr.’ And for gases: ‘Vol over 24, moles you can’t ignore.’
有用口诀：“摩尔质量相对质量，质量除去相对质量。” 气体：“体积除以二十四，摩尔数量不忽视。”
7. Electrolysis & Redox | 电解与氧化还原
Electrolysis uses direct current to break down ionic compounds into elements. The liquid that conducts is called the electrolyte, and the conducting rods are electrodes.
电解利用直流电将离子化合物分解为单质。导电的液体称为电解液，导电棒称为电极。
The anode is the positive electrode (attracts anions); the cathode is the negative electrode (attracts cations). Remember: ‘An Ox, Red Cat’ – Anode attracts anions for Oxidation, Cathode attracts cations for Reduction.
阳极是正极（吸引阴离子）；阴极是负极（吸引阳离子）。记住：“An Ox, Red Cat”——阳极（Anode）氧化（Oxidation），阴极（Cathode）还原（Reduction）。
Redox reactions involve both reduction and oxidation. OIL RIG is the classic memory tool: Oxidation Is Loss (of electrons), Reduction Is Gain (of electrons).
氧化还原反应同时包含还原和氧化。OIL RIG 是经典记忆法：氧化是失电子（Oxidation Is Loss），还原是得电子（Reduction Is Gain）。
In molten lead(II) bromide electrolysis, lead forms at the cathode and bromine gas at the anode: Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb (reduction), 2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻ (oxidation).
在电解熔融溴化铅时，铅在阴极形成，溴气在阳极产生：Pb²⁺ + 2e⁻ → Pb（还原），2Br⁻ → Br₂ + 2e⁻（氧化）。
With aqueous solutions, the products depend on the reactivity series. At the cathode, the less reactive cation is discharged; at the anode, halide ions are discharged before hydroxide.
对于水溶液，产物取决于活动性顺序。在阴极，较不活泼的阳离子优先放电；在阳极，卤离子比氢氧根离子优先放电。
| Term | 术语 | Quick Clue |
|---|---|---|
| Anode | 阳极 | Positive, Oxidation – ‘Anode, add Oxidation’ |
| Cathode | 阴极 | Negative, Reduction – ‘Cathode, catch Reduction’ |
Picture a hungry cat (cathode) catching electrons; an ox (anode) losing its load.
想象一只饥饿的猫（阴极）捕捉电子；一头牛（阳极）失去负载。
8. Energy Changes in Reactions | 反应中的能量变化
An exothermic reaction releases heat energy to the surroundings, causing a temperature rise. Examples: combustion, neutralisation.
放热反应向环境释放热能，导致温度升高。例子：燃烧、中和反应。
An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings, causing a temperature drop. Examples: photosynthesis, thermal decomposition of limestone.
吸热反应从环境吸收热量，导致温度下降。例子：光合作用、石灰石热分解。
Activation energy is the minimum energy required for a reaction to start. Think of it as a ‘push’ over the energy hill.
活化能是反应开始所需的最低能量。可以想象为推过能量小山的“一把劲”。
Energy level diagrams show the relative energy of reactants and products. In exothermic profiles, products are lower; in endothermic, products are higher.
能级图显示反应物和生成物的相对能量。放热曲线中生成物能量更低；吸热曲线中生成物能量更高。
Bond breaking is endothermic (+ΔH), bond making is exothermic (–ΔH). Use the rhyme: ‘Breaking takes, making gives.’
断键吸热（ΔH为正），成键放热（ΔH为负）。口诀：“断裂索取，形成给予。”
ΔH = Σ(bond energies broken) − Σ(bond energies made)
ΔH = 断开键能之和 − 形成键能之和
9. Introduction to Organic Chemistry | 有机化学入门
Organic chemistry focuses on carbon compounds. A hydrocarbon contains only hydrogen and carbon atoms.
有机化学研究碳的化合物。烃只含氢原子和碳原子。
Alkanes are saturated hydrocarbons with single bonds only (CₙH₂ₙ₊₂). Alkenes are unsaturated and contain a carbon‑carbon double bond (CₙH₂ₙ).
烷烃是只有单键的饱和烃（通式 CₙH₂ₙ₊₂）。烯烃是不饱和烃，含碳碳双键（通式 CₙH₂ₙ）。
The first few members of the homologous series are memorised by the prefixes: meth- (1C), eth- (2C), prop- (3C), but- (4C). A phrase: ‘Many Elephants Prefer Buns’ – Meth, Eth, Prop, But.
同系物的前几个成员按前缀记忆：甲（meth-）、乙（eth-）、丙（prop-）、丁（but-）。口诀：“甲、乙、丙、丁”四兄弟。
A functional group determines the chemical properties of a series. For alkenes, it is the C=C double bond; for alcohols, it is –OH; for carboxylic acids, it is –COOH.
官能团决定了同系列的化学性质。烯烃是C=C双键，醇是–OH，羧酸是–COOH。
Addition reactions occur when alkenes react with substances like bromine: the double bond opens up. This is used to test for unsaturation – bromine water turns from orange to colourless.
加成反应发生在烯烃与溴等物质反应时：双键打开。这用于测试不饱和烃——溴水由橙色变为无色。
Isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulas. Example: butane (C₄H₁₀) and methylpropane.
同分异构体分子式相同但结构式不同。例：丁烷和甲基丙烷。
10. Laboratory Apparatus & Safety Terms | 实验仪器与安全术语
Knowing the names of apparatus is essential for practical exams. A beaker holds liquids, a conical flask prevents splashes, and a Bunsen burner provides a flame with an air hole that can be adjusted.
知道仪器名称对实验考试至关重要。烧杯盛装液体，
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